EN 1309-3-2018 en Round and sawn timber - Methods of measurements - Part 3 Features and biological degradations.pdf

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1、BSI Standards PublicationWB11885_BSI_StandardCovs_2013_AW.indd 1 15/05/2013 15:06Round and sawn timber - Methods of measurementsPart 3: Features and biological degradationsBS EN 13093:2018National forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 13093:2018. It supersedes BS EN 1311:1997

2、and BS EN 1310:1997, which are withdrawn.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee B/543, Round and sawn timber.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the ne

3、cessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. The British Standards Institution 2018 Published by BSI Standards Limited 2018ISBN 978 0 580 94054 5ICS 79.040Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.This British Standard wa

4、s published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 May 2018.Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate Text affectedBRITISH STANDARDBS EN 13093:2018EUROPEAN STANDARDNORME EUROPENNEEUROPISCHE NORMEN 1309-3January 2018ICS 79.040 Supersedes EN 1310:1997, EN 131

5、1:1997EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATIONCOMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATIONEUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNGCEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2018 CEN Ref. No. EN 13093:2018: EAll rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Membe

6、rsRound and sawn timber Methods of measurements Part 3: Features and biological degradationsBois ronds et bois scis Mthode de mesure Partie 3 : Singularits et altrations biologiquesRund und Schnittholz Memethode Teil 3: Merkmale und von SchdlingsbefallThis European Standard was approved by CEN on 29

7、 October 2017.CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Uptodate lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be o

8、btained on application to the CENCENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member.This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the C

9、EN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland

10、, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom.English VersionEN 1309-3:2018 (E)European foreword 41 Scope . 52 Normative references 53 Terms and definitions . 54 Symbols

11、 55 Sawn and processed timber 55.1 Knots 55.1.1 General 55.1.2 Appearance assessment methodology . 65.2 Resin pocket . 105.3 Reaction wood 105.4 Grain 105.4.1 Slope of grain .105.4.2 Spiral, interlocked grain . 115.4.3 Curly grain 125.5 Rate of growth 125.6 Bark pocket . 135.7 Sapwood 135.8 Wane . 1

12、35.9 Fissure . 145.9.1 Face, edge and end shakes, splits 145.9.2 Ring and heart shakes 145.9.3 Checks 145.10 Warp 155.10.1 Bow and spring 155.10.2 Cup 155.10.3 Twist 166 Round timber 166.1 Features of the form of the log . 166.1.1 Sweep 166.1.2 Taper 176.1.3 Ovality 176.1.4 Rate of growth .186.2 Fea

13、tures of the structure of the wood 186.2.1 Eccentric pith. 186.2.2 Burl .196.2.3 Buckles 196.2.4 Spiral grain . 196.2.5 Compression wood (reaction wood in softwood) 206.2.6 Double pith 206.3 Sapwood 206.4 Included sapwood . 216.5 False heartwood 216.6 Knots . 216.6.1 Uncovered knot 216.6.2 Covered k

14、not 226.6.3 Epicormic shoot .226.6.4 Rose 226.7 Cracks . 226.7.1 Heart shake 226.7.2 Star shake 226.7.3 Ring shake .222Contents PageBS EN 13093:2018EN 1309-3:2018 (E)6.7.4 Check, traversing crack .236.7.5 Frost crack, lightning shake . 236.7.6 Felling shake . 236.8 Biological degradation . 236.8.1 A

15、ttack by insects .236.8.2 Fungal attack 246.8.3 Hollow 246.8.4 Other attack .246.9 Other defects 246.9.1 Dry side . 246.9.2 Parasitic plant 246.9.3 Carbonized wood 256.9.4 Canker 256.9.5 Bird peck 256.10 Tapping cut 256.11 Foreign bodies 256.12 Resin pocket . 256.13 Other damage 267 Biological degra

16、de .267.1 Sawn timber . 267.1.1 Degrade by insects 267.1.2 Fungal degrade .267.2 Round timber 267.2.1 Degrade by insects 267.2.2 Fungal degrade .277.2.3 Hollow 277.2.4 Other degrade 27Annex A (normative) Alternative methodology for measurement of knots for assessment of serviceability .28 ISO ISO pu

17、bdate year All rights reserved 3BS EN 13093:2018EN 1309-3:2018 (E)European forewordThis document (EN 1309-3:2018) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 175 “Round and sawn timber”, the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR.This European Standard shall be given the status of a national stan

18、dard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by July 2018, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by July 2018.Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN s

19、hall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.This document supersedes EN 1310:1997 and EN 1311:1997.This standard is one of a series, and covers methods of measurement for round timber and sawn timber.Other standards in this series are: EN 13091 Round and sawn timber Me

20、thod of measurement of dimensions Part 1: Sawn timber EN 13092 Round and sawn timber Method of measurement of dimensions Part 2: Round timberAccording to the CENCENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organisations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard

21、: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia

22、, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom.4BS EN 13093:2018EN 1309-3:2018 (E)1 ScopeThis European Standard specifies the methodology for measurement of features in relation to wood structure, biological agencies and other damage taken into account in the visual grading:a) for appea

23、rance of sawn, processed and round timber;b) for serviceability of sawn and processed timber (identified in EN 1611-1 as the integrity of the timber).When the standard is applied the methodology of measurement used shall be stated.It is not applicable to structural timber for which strength grading

24、in accordance with EN 140811 is required.This standard applies to hardwood and softwood sawn timber, both square edged and unedged, to processed timber and to round timber.It does not apply to tropical timber.2 Normative referencesThe following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referen

25、ced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.EN 844 (all parts), Round and sawn timber TerminologyEN 16111, Sawn timber Ap

26、pearance grading of softwoods Part 1: European spruces, firs, pines and Douglas firsEN 140811, Timber structures Strength graded structural timber with rectangular cross section Part 1: General requirements3 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in E

27、N 844 apply.4 Symbolsd size, in millimetres;a width on the minor axis, in millimetres;b width on the major axis, in millimetres;nmaxmaximum permitted number of knots;d1, d2, .dnsizes of the individual knots, in millimetres;dmaxmaximum permitted size of a knot, in millimetres.5 Sawn and processed tim

28、ber5.1 Knots5.1.1 GeneralFor the purposes of this standard, knots in sawn timber are classified according to their shape, size and position. Size is derived from the formulae given below and expressed in millimetres or as a percentage 5BS EN 13093:2018EN 1309-3:2018 (E)of a dimension of the surface

29、where the knot occurs. The following symbols are used in the formulae, with suffixes as required:d is the size, in millimetres;a is the width on the minor axis, in millimetres;b is the width on the major axis, in millimetres.Methodology for measurement of knots for the assessment of appearance is se

30、t out in 5.1.2. For assessment of serviceability, an alternative methodology for measurement of knots is given in Annex A.NOTE For strength grading of structural timber, refer to EN 140811.5.1.2 Appearance assessment methodology5.1.2.1 GeneralConsider each knot individually, except for cats paw.Meas

31、ure knots on a part or all the surface of the face(s) or the edge(s) as specified by the grading rule used. In the case of a knot with bark on its perimeter, the measurement of the knot shall include the bark.Figures 1 to 6 show the categories of knots that shall be measured. Each figure is accompan

32、ied by the corresponding formula that is generally the arithmetic average of the minor axis (a) and major axis (b) of the knot (d = (a + b)/2). Measure the width on each axis and derive the size from the formula.For each grade, the maximum size and number of knots per piece or per unit measure is st

33、ated in the grading standards / grading rules.A larger number of smaller knots may be permitted provided their cumulative measure does not exceed the maximum knot size multiplied by the number permitted within a grade, which can be expressed as:(1)wherenmaxis the maximum permitted number of knots;d1

34、, d2, .dnare the sizes of the individual knots, in millimetres;dmaxis the maximum permitted size of a knot, in millimetres.Where a grading standard permits the use of such cumulative measurement it will be stated in the grading standard.6 BS EN 13093:2018EN 1309-3:2018 (E)5.1.2.2 Round knotFigure 1

35、Round knotFormula:(2)5.1.2.3 Oval knotFigure 2 Oval knotFormula:(3)7BS EN 13093:2018EN 1309-3:2018 (E)5.1.2.4 Arris knotKnot A Knot BKey1 On faces2 On edges (Knot B: not measured, record its presence)Figure 3 Arris knotFormula:on face (Knot A and Knot B):(4)on edge (Knot A):(5)5.1.2.5 Spike knot (Ov

36、al knot with maximum to minimum ratio exceeding 4)Depending on the grading rule used,a) measure as oval knot, orb) not measured, record its presence.8 BS EN 13093:2018EN 1309-3:2018 (E)Figure 4 Spike knot5.1.2.6 Splay knotFigure 5 Splay knotDepending on the grading rule used,a) measure on the edge o

37、nly and use the formula:(6)orb) not measured, record its presence.5.1.2.7 Branched knotDepending on the grading rule used,a) not measured, record its presence, orb) record the number of knots in a unit of length.Where a branched knot opens on the edge, measure according to 5.1.2.6.9BS EN 13093:2018E

38、N 1309-3:2018 (E)5.1.2.8 Knot clusterMeasure the individual knots.5.1.2.9 Cats pawMeasure the total size of the knot cluster.Figure 6 Cats pawFormula:(7)5.2 Resin pocketDepending on the grading rule used,a) measure the major axis of the resin pocket, expressed in millimetres. If more than one, also

39、record their number per metre length of the piece or for the full length of the piece; orb) not measured, record its presence.5.3 Reaction woodDepending on the grading rule used,a) measure the length and/or the width of a rectangle that encloses it, expressed in centimetres or as a percentage of the

40、 length and/or the width of the surface (face or edge) being considered. Where there are two or more areas of reaction wood, each shall be measured as before, and the respective dimensions totalled; orb) not measured, record its presence.5.4 Grain5.4.1 Slope of grainUse a scribe to determine slope o

41、f grain (see Figure 7.a).A scribe is shown in Figure 7.b. It consists of a cranked rod with a swivel handle at one end, a needle set to a slight trailing angle at the other.If the scribe is drawn along the piece of timber in the apparent direction of the grain, applying sufficient but not excessive

42、pressure, it will scribe a line that shows accurately the direction of grain.10 BS EN 13093:2018EN 1309-3:2018 (E)To check, it is recommended to draw several adjacent lines, with the direction of pull diverging slightly to the left and to the right; the scribe should still follow the correct directi

43、on, (see Figure 7.c).a) b) c) Keya) Determination of slope of grain on the edge of pieceb) Scribec) Use of a scribeFigure 7 Determination of slope of grainExpress the result as a percentage, using the formula:(8)wherex is the deviation of the grain, in millimetres;y is the length over which the meas

44、urement is taken, in millimetres.5.4.2 Spiral, interlocked grainNot measured, record its presence.11BS EN 13093:2018EN 1309-3:2018 (E)5.4.3 Curly grainDepending on the grading rule used,a) measure the length and/or the width of a rectangle that encloses it, expressed in centimetres or as a percentag

45、e of the length and/or the width of the surface (face or edge) being considered.Where there are two or more areas of curly grain, each shall be measured as before, and the respective dimensions totalled, orb) not measured, record its presence.5.5 Rate of growthOn one end of the piece, mark out the l

46、ongest possible straight line normal to the growth rings. Count the number of growth rings along this line. Repeat at the other end of the piece. Disregard the portion, if any, within 25 mm of the pith. Divide the sum of the lengths of the two lines at the two ends by the total number of growth ring

47、s counted to obtain the rate of growth, expressed as the average width of the growth rings in millimetres (see Figure 8).a) b)c) d)Figure 8 Rate of growth12 BS EN 13093:2018EN 1309-3:2018 (E)5.6 Bark pocketDepending on the grading rules used,a) measure the length and width and express in centimetres

48、,Where there are two or more areas of bark pocket, each shall be measured as above, the respective dimensions totalled and expressed in centimetres or assess overall and express the total as a percentage of the surface being considered, orb) record the number of bark pockets over one metre length or

49、 over the entire piece, orc) not measured, record its presence.5.7 SapwoodDepending on the grading rule used,a) find that portion of the surface (face or edge) being considered, where the sapwood is widest. Measure the width and express the result in millimetres or as a percentage of the width of the surface, orb) not measured, record its presence.5.8 WaneDepending on the grading rule used,a) measure the length (c) of wane and express it in centimetres or as a percentage of the length. I