CSA N288 6-2012 Environmental risk assessments at Class I nuclear facilities and uranium mines and mills (First Edition).pdf

《CSA N288 6-2012 Environmental risk assessments at Class I nuclear facilities and uranium mines and mills (First Edition).pdf》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《CSA N288 6-2012 Environmental risk assessments at Class I nuclear facilities and uranium mines and mills (First Edition).pdf（142页珍藏版）》请在麦多课文档分享上搜索。

1、N288.6-12Environmental risk assessments at Class I nuclear facilities and uranium mines and millsLegal Notice for StandardsCanadian Standards Association (operating as “CSA Group”) develops standards through a consensus standards development process approved by the Standards Council of Canada. This

2、process brings together volunteers representing varied viewpoints and interests to achieve consensus and develop a standard. Although CSA Group administers the process and establishes rules to promote fairness in achieving consensus, it does not independently test, evaluate, or verify the content of

3、 standards.Disclaimer and exclusion of liabilityThis document is provided without any representations, warranties, or conditions of any kind, express or implied, including, without limitation, implied warranties or conditions concerning this documents fitness for a particular purpose or use, its mer

4、chantability, or its non-infringement of any third partys intellectual property rights. CSA Group does not warrant the accuracy, completeness, or currency of any of the information published in this document. CSA Group makes no representations or warranties regarding this documents compliance with a

5、ny applicable statute, rule, or regulation. IN NO EVENT SHALL CSA GROUP, ITS VOLUNTEERS, MEMBERS, SUBSIDIARIES, OR AFFILIATED COMPANIES, OR THEIR EMPLOYEES, DIRECTORS, OR OFFICERS, BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES, INJURY, LOSS, COSTS, OR EXPENSES, HOWSOEVER CAUSED, INCLUDIN

6、G BUT NOT LIMITED TO SPECIAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, LOST REVENUE, BUSINESS INTERRUPTION, LOST OR DAMAGED DATA, OR ANY OTHER COMMERCIAL OR ECONOMIC LOSS, WHETHER BASED IN CONTRACT, TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE), OR ANY OTHER THEORY OF LIABILITY, ARISING OUT OF OR RESULTING FROM ACCESS TO OR POSSESSI

7、ON OR USE OF THIS DOCUMENT, EVEN IF CSA GROUP HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES, INJURY, LOSS, COSTS, OR EXPENSES.In publishing and making this document available, CSA Group is not undertaking to render professional or other services for or on behalf of any person or entity or to p

8、erform any duty owed by any person or entity to another person or entity. The information in this document is directed to those who have the appropriate degree of experience to use and apply its contents, and CSA Group accepts no responsibility whatsoever arising in any way from any and all use of o

9、r reliance on the information contained in this document. CSA Group is a private not-for-profit company that publishes voluntary standards and related documents. CSA Group has no power, nor does it undertake, to enforce compliance with the contents of the standards or other documents it publishes. I

10、ntellectual property rights and ownershipAs between CSA Group and the users of this document (whether it be in printed or electronic form), CSA Group is the owner, or the authorized licensee, of all works contained herein that are protected by copyright, all trade-marks (except as otherwise noted to

11、 the contrary), and all inventions and trade secrets that may be contained in this document, whether or not such inventions and trade secrets are protected by patents and applications for patents. Without limitation, the unauthorized use, modification, copying, or disclosure of this document may vio

12、late laws that protect CSA Groups and/or others intellectual property and may give rise to a right in CSA Group and/or others to seek legal redress for such use, modification, copying, or disclosure. To the extent permitted by licence or by law, CSA Group reserves all intellectual property rights in

13、 this document.Patent rightsAttention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this standard may be the subject of patent rights. CSA Group shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of

14、the validity of any such patent rights is entirely their own responsibility.Authorized use of this documentThis document is being provided by CSA Group for informational and non-commercial use only. The user of this document is authorized to do only the following:If this document is in electronic fo

15、rm:sLOADTHISDOCUMENTONTOACOMPUTERFORTHESOLEPURPOSEOFREVIEWINGITsSEARCHANDBROWSETHISDOCUMENTANDsPRINTTHISDOCUMENTIFITISIN0$ however, it may provide more specific direction for those requirements.Users of this Standard are reminded that additional and site-specific requirements might be specified by f

16、ederal, provincial/territorial, or municipal authorities. This Standard should not be considered a replacement for the requirements contained in any(a) applicable federal or provincial/territorial statute, including the Nuclear Safety and Control Act; or (b) regulation, licence, or permit issued pur

17、suant to an applicable statute.This Standard was prepared by the Subcommittee on Environmental Risk Assessments at Class I Nuclear Facilities and Uranium Mines and Mills, under the jurisdiction of the Technical Committee on Environmental Management for Nuclear Facilities and the Nuclear Strategic St

18、eering Committee, and has been formally approved by the Technical Committee.Notes: (1) Use of the singular does not exclude the plural (and vice versa) when the sense allows.(2) Although the intended primary application of this Standard is stated in its Scope, it is important to note that it remains

19、 the responsibility of the users of the Standard to judge its suitability for their particular purpose.(3) This Standard was developed by consensus, which is defined by CSA Policy governing standardization Code of good practice for standardization as “substantial agreement. Consensus implies much mo

20、re than a simple majority, but not necessarily unanimity”. It is consistent with this definition that a member may be included in the Technical Committee list and yet not be in full agreement with all clauses of this Standard.(4) To submit a request for interpretation of this Standard, please send t

21、he following information to inquiriescsagroup.org and include “Request for interpretation” in the subject line:(a) define the problem, making reference to the specific clause, and, where appropriate, include an illustrative sketch;(b) provide an explanation of circumstances surrounding the actual fi

22、eld condition; and(c) where possible, phrase the request in such a way that a specific “yes” or “no” answer will address the issue.Committee interpretations are processed in accordance with the CSA Directives and guidelines governing standardization and are available on the Current Standards Activit

23、ies page at standardsactivities.csa.ca.(5) This Standard is subject to periodic review, and suggestions for its improvement will be referred to the appropriate committee. To submit a proposal for change, please send the following information to inquiriescsagroup.org and include “Proposal for change”

24、 in the subject line:(a) Standard designation (number);(b) relevant clause, table, and/or figure number;(c) wording of the proposed change; and(d) rationale for the change. 2012 CSA GroupEnvironmental risk assessments at Class Inuclear facilities and uranium mines and millsJune 2012 1N288.6-12Enviro

25、nmental risk assessments at Class I nuclear facilities and uranium mines and mills0Introduction0.1 Environmental risk assessment0.1.1 General0.1.1.1Environmental risk assessment (ERA) of nuclear facilities is a systematic process used to identify, quantify, and characterize the risk posed by contami

26、nants and physical stressors in the environment on biological receptors, including the magnitude and extent of the potential effects associated with a facility. Receptors should include humans as well as non-human biota (see Clause 0.5.3). Human receptors are addressed through a human health risk as

27、sessment (HHRA) and non-human biota are addressed through an ecological risk assessment (EcoRA).0.1.1.2An ERA should(a)identify and prioritize the contaminants and physical stressors of concern;(b) identify and prioritize the sources or points of release of the contaminants and physical stressors of

28、 concern;(c) identify and prioritize the potential receptors (human and non-human biota) of concern;(d) include a conceptual model of the environment representing the relationship between sources and receptors;(e) provide an assessment of the exposure to the contaminants and physical stressors of co

29、ncern (to be used with the benchmark value BV to assess the risk);(f) identify the BVs used to assess the potential effects of the contaminants and physical stressors of concern on the receptors;(g) provide an assessment of the environmental risk to receptors posed by the facility; and(h) identify a

30、nd, if possible, quantify the uncertainties in the assessment of the environmental risk.0.1.1.3The ERA approach takes into consideration the fact that many contaminants can be present simultaneously in several media such as food, air, water, soil, dust, or consumer products and that they can reach t

31、he receptors through multiple exposure pathways. An ERA can have both predictive and retrospective elements (as defined in Clause 3.1).0.1.2 Need for an ERAThe need to conduct an ERA arises from one or more of the following factors:(a) a desire for risk-based environmental management;(b) a desire to

32、 address stakeholder concerns about environmental protection; and(c) regulatory requirements for characterization of environmental risks.N288.6-12 2012 CSA Group2 June 20120.1.3 Human health risk assessment0.1.3.1Human health risk assessment (HHRA) focuses on the identification, quantification, and

33、characterization of the risks to individual human receptors resulting from exposure to contaminants and physical stressors released into the environment throughout the lifecycle of a nuclear facility. An HHRA can be completed as a component of an ERA or as a stand-alone assessment.0.1.3.2The objecti

34、ves of an HHRA are to evaluate the risks to relevant human receptors resulting from exposure to contaminants and stressors related to a site and its activities. Based on the results of the HHRA, further assessment and possible further action might be deemed necessary.0.1.4 Ecological risk assessment

35、0.1.4.1Ecological risk assessment (EcoRA) focuses on the identification, quantification, and characterization of the risks to ecological receptors resulting from exposure to contaminants and stressors released into the environment throughout the lifecycle of a nuclear facility. Ecological receptors

36、can include non-human biota at the individual, population, or community level (see Clause 7.2.3). An EcoRA can be completed as a component of an ERA or as a stand-alone assessment.0.1.4.2The objectives of an EcoRA are to evaluate the risks to relevant ecological receptors resulting from exposure to

37、contaminants and stressors related to a site and its activities. Based on the results of the EcoRA, further assessment and possible further action might be deemed necessary.0.1.5 Risk-based recommendationsThe end product of an ERA is a determination of the risk to human and non-human biota. This end

38、 product is the basis for risk-informed recommendations (e.g., risk control actions or remediation). The end product can also inform recommendations about monitoring to reduce uncertainty in the risk estimation. However, this Standard does not provide guidance on monitoring programs or risk manageme

39、nt decisions.0.2 Relationship to monitoring programs0.2.1 GeneralERAs provide the basis for the scope and complexity of monitoring programs, including effluent and environmental monitoring programs. Effluent monitoring programs and environmental monitoring programs are covered by CSA N288.5 and CSA

40、N288.4, respectively.0.2.2 Effluent monitoring programsAn ERA can provide input into an effluent monitoring program by identifying and prioritizing the specific radioactive and non-radioactive contaminants and physical stressors and the sources or release points from the nuclear facility or licensed

41、 activity. An ERA can contribute to the development of effluent objectives that can be the focus of monitoring programs. The effluent monitoring program can inform the ERA by providing the effluent characteristics used in estimating environmental exposure concentrations of contaminants.Note: Non-rad

42、ioactive contaminants include for example toxic, corrosive, or environmentally deleterious substances. 2012 CSA GroupEnvironmental risk assessments at Class Inuclear facilities and uranium mines and millsJune 2012 30.2.3 Environmental monitoring programsThe decision criteria for the scope and comple

43、xity of an environmental monitoring program (EMP) necessitate an understanding of the environmental risk posed by the facility (see CSA N288.4). The results of the ERA can be used to identify monitoring requirements for normal operating conditions (as defined in Clause 3.1). The EMP can inform the E

44、RA by providing the data on contaminant and receptor distribution for use in calibrating and validating the ERA models.0.3 Relationship to environmental assessmentThe ERA can be part of an environmental assessment (EA) report or any other document that contains the required information. An ERA is us

45、ually triggered during the EA process.Note: All references to ERAs in this Standard are intended to refer to any document that contains the required information.0.4 Levels of complexityThe nature and complexity of ERAs will vary according to the nature and complexity of the subject (site, scenario,

46、magnitude, facility, etc.). An ERA should follow a tiered approach starting from a broad evaluation using protective generic parameters and a high degree of conservatism and advancing towards more precise analysis involving site-specific, realistic parameters and less conservatism. Such a tiered app

47、roach facilitates early identification of potential issues. Lower-tier assessments are the least detailed. More detailed or higher-tier assessments may be conducted to determine whether an issue originates from overly conservative assumptions or parameters or is indicative of potential effects.0.5 B

48、asic concepts0.5.1 Radiation dose limits0.5.1.1 Dose limits for humansDose limits are radiation dose criteria set by regulatory agencies. In Canada, dose limits for members of the public and nuclear energy workers (NEWs) are set by the Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission (CNSC). Dose limits set by th

49、e CNSC are regulatory requirements and cannot be exceeded. For detailed information on radiation dose limits used in HHRAs, see Clause 6.4.5.0.5.1.2 Dose limits for non-human biotaCurrently, dose limits for non-human biota have not been set by the CNSC or other regulatory agencies in Canada. Various organizations such as the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR)