BS 6279-2-2001 Storage of cereals and pulses - Practical recommendations《谷类作物和豆科作物的储藏 推荐实施规程》.pdf

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1、BRITISH STANDARD BS 6279-2:2001 ISO 6322-2: 2000 Storage of cereals and pulses Part 2: Practical recommendations ICS 67.060 NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBS 6279-2:2001 This British Standard, having been prepared under the direction of the Consumer Products an

2、d Services Sector Committee, was published under the authority of the Standards Committee and comes into effect on 15 August 2001 BSI 08-2001 ISBN 0 580 37748 2 National foreword This British Standard reproduces verbatim ISO 6322-2:2000 and implements it as the UK national standard. It supersedes BS

3、 6279-2:1982 which is withdrawn. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee AW/4, Cereals and pulses, which has the responsibility to: A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. Cross-references The British Sta

4、ndards which implement international publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Standards Catalogue under the section entitled “International Standards Correspondence Index”, or by using the “Find” facility of the BSI Standards Electronic Catalogue A British Standard does not

5、purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. aid enquirers to understand the text; present to the responsible inte

6、rnational/European committee any enquiries on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep the UK interests informed; monitor related international and European developments and promulgate them in the UK. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the ISO

7、 title page, pages ii to v, a blank page, pages 1 to 9 and a back cover. The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the document was last issued. Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date CommentsReference number ISO 6322-2:2000(E) INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 6322-2 Se

8、cond edition 2000-02-15 Storage of cereals and pulses Part 2: Practical recommendations Stockage des crales et des lgumineuses Partie 2: Recommandations pratiquesISO6322-2:2000(E) ii ISO 6322-2:2000(E) iii Contents Foreword.iv Introduction.v 1 Scope 1 2 Normative references 1 3 Handling1 4 Storage i

9、n the open .1 4.1 General1 4.2 Uncovered storage 1 4.3 Covered storage.2 5 Storage in specially constructed buildings other than silos (flat stores) .2 5.1 General2 5.2 Construction of the building.2 5.3 Storage of bagged produce in buildings.4 5.4 Bulk storage in “flat stores” .4 6 Silo storage 5 7

10、 Special systems of storage 5 7.1 Airtight storage 5 7.2 Cool storage.6 8 Storage of grain during transport 7 8.1 Short-term transport7 8.2 Long-term transport 7 8.3 Particular problems relating to shipping 8 Bibliography9ISO 6322-2:2000(E) iv Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standar

11、dization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to

12、 be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Stan

13、dards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 3. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies c

14、asting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this part of ISO 6322 may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. International Standard ISO 6322-2 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 3

15、4, Agricultural food products, Subcommittee SC 4, Cereals and pulses. This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 6322-2:1981), which has been technically revised. ISO 6322 consists of the following parts, under the general title Storage of cereals and pulses: Part 1: General rec

16、ommendations for the keeping of cereals Part 2: Practical recommendations Part 3: Control of attack by pestsISO 6322-2:2000(E) v Introduction The most important factors affecting the storage of grain are: a) initial grain temperature and moisture content; b) condition of the ambient air (with daily

17、and seasonal variations in relative humidity and temperature); c) attack by pests (birds, rodents, insects and mites); d) attack by microorganisms (mainly moulds); e) condition of the storage building and the means and methods of handling. In general, the condition of grain changes slowly while in s

18、torage; the extent of any change depends on ambient conditions at harvest. Changes in moisture content and temperature are limited to the periphery of a bulk or to the outer bags of a stack, unless the storage period is prolonged or the grain is ventilated. Heavy infestations of insects, however, ma

19、y cause a rise in temperature in the grain mass, possibly due to the development of fungi. The temperature gradients produced may cause sufficient migration of moisture to cause damage; i.e. sprouting and damage by enzymatic and chemical actions. It is therefore important that sound, dry, clean grai

20、n, free from infestation, is stored in sound, clean storage containers free from infestation and that subsequent deterioration is prevented by keeping the grain as cool and as dry as possible. Grain may be stored either in the open, or in a specially constructed store or other container. The choice

21、of the method of storage is often dictated by different criteria: the state of the grain at harvest; transport, labour and materials costs; duration of storage; and other technical and economic factors. A distinction should be made between grain stored in sacks and grain stored in bulk. Furthermore,

22、 for bulk grain there is a difference between grain stored in heaps in buildings (flat bottom storage) where it has a larger surface area exposed in relation to its volume, and grain stored in silos (vertical storage), where it has a smaller area exposed in relation to its volume.INTERNATIONAL STAND

23、ARD ISO 6322-2:2000(E) 1 Storage of cereals and pulses Part 2: Practical recommendations 1 Scope This part of ISO 6322 gives guidance on the choice of a method of storage of cereals and pulses, and on the practical recommendations for good storage, according to the method chosen. Other aspects of th

24、e storage of cereals and pulses are dealt with in ISO 6322-1 and ISO 6322-3. 2 Normative references The following normative documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this part of ISO 6322. For dated references, subsequent amendments to, or revisions

25、 of, any of these publications do not apply. However, parties to agreements based on this part of ISO 6322 are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent edition of the normative document indicated below. For undated references, the latest edition of the normative document

26、 referred to applies. Members of ISO and IEC maintain registers of currently valid International Standards. ISO 6322-1, Storage of cereals and pulses Part 1: General recommendations for the keeping of cereals. ISO 6322-3, Storage of cereals and pulses Part 3: Control of attack by pests. 3 Handling A

27、ny storage system requires a means for moving the commodity into and out of the store. These should be selected to minimize damage to or deterioration of the grain and the storage containers. As far as is practical, these means should limit dust emissions in the building or its immediate environment

28、. 4 Storage in the open 4.1 General Storage in the open is the cheapest but the least satisfactory method. There is high risk of attack by birds, rodents, insects and mites (see ISO 6322-3), development of fungi, damage by bad weather, theft and other mishaps. Generally, such storage should be for s

29、hort periods only. Open storage may be used for bumper harvests when other stores are full. It should be in a dry, cool place. 4.2 Uncovered storage Uncovered storage is less undesirable in dry countries, where a short, sharp shower will only affect the surface (to a depth of up to 5 cm) and subsequ

30、ent sunshine will dry out the grain again. Such exposure, however, may result in damage by bleaching. Storage under snow or in cold climates is also practicable because the low temperatureISO 6322-2:2000(E) 2 restricts insect and mould development. Even so, a few toxin-producing fungi can grow at ne

31、ar freezing temperatures on grain wetted by the snow and therefore great care is needed if this method of storage is used. Storage in the open should, if possible, be on a “hard standing“ surface or another prepared smooth surface, preferably raised 0,5 m above ground level, and featuring an insulat

32、ing system giving protection against running water and moisture rising from the ground, and allowing a complete removal of the grain. With bulk grain, artificial ventilation of the heaps is sometimes desirable but not always possible. 4.3 Covered storage Sometimes, a temporary roof, for example of c

33、orrugated iron on a wooden frame, may be erected over a stack of bagged grain or a heap of bulk grain; “walls“ of hessian curtains or tarpaulins may be used to give additional protection against the weather. Alternatively heaps of grain (bulk or bagged) may be covered with waterproof tarpaulins prov

34、ided that suitable precautions are taken against sun and consequent sweating. It is good practice to fold back these tarpaulins on dry days to allow any condensed moisture to evaporate. The cover should be tightened by heavy objects (tyre, sandbag, breeze-block, etc.) placed at the foot of heaps.The

35、 cover should overlap at least 50 cm taking account of the direction of the dominant wind. Unthreshed maize is commonly stored in open-sided cribs, for example with wire-mesh sides, to allow drying to take place where atmospheric conditions are favourable. Maize on the cob can be stored relatively e

36、asily and safely, as it has not suffered mechanical damage due to threshing. It is essential to cover the open-sided cribs, to avoid rain getting into the cereals and to restrict mould growth. Special attention should be given to protecting maize from birds and rodents (see ISO 6322-3). 5 Storage in

37、 specially constructed buildings other than silos (flat stores) 5.1 General The objectives of putting grain in buildings are protection from the weather, prevention of the entry of pests, and security. Ideally, such storage should permit some control of temperature and humidity, to keep the grain as

38、 cool, as dry and at as uniform a temperature as possible. The structure should be properly built to provide good storage conditions, easy access and safe working conditions, and should not provide harbourage for pests. 5.2 Construction of the building 5.2.1 Site and foundations The orientation shou

39、ld be such that radiant heat gain from the sun is minimal; i.e. with the long axis north-south in the temperate zone, and with the long axis east-west in the tropics. The foundations should be of adequate strength to take the weight of the building and of the grain filling, and should be termite pro

40、ofed where necessary. The surroundings should be kept clear of vegetation, rubbish, flooding or water logging, etc. There should be direct access for appropriate forms of transport. 5.2.2 Floor The floor should be sound, smooth, hard and waterproof. “Tamped“ earth is not recommended. A wooden floor

41、has cracks and crevices which can harbour rubbish, insects and mites. A smooth and hard surface usually means concrete of good quality treated with a hardener to prevent dust. A walled construction joined to the ground by a curved, smooth profile without projections eases cleaning. The water barrier

42、 should be carried through to the damp- proof course in the walls; usually it is “sandwiched“ in the concrete. The foundation of the stock should be constructed above ground level or, where it is downstream, above the highest water level in order to avoid flooding.ISO 6322-2:2000(E) 3 5.2.3 Walls Th

43、e walls should be sound and smooth, and, if permitted by local regulations, light in colour (usually white) on the outside to reduce the absorption of heat. In tropical countries, some insulation may be desirable. The construction should avoid having “dead spaces“, and the interior plastering should

44、 be free from cracks. Walls of buildings may be constructed of different materials in accordance with local availability and practice: timber (not recommended), clay bricks or blocks, bricks or masonry. They should be covered on the interior with a coating. They can also be in galvanized iron, alumi

45、nium, poured-on-site concrete or reinforced concrete. Hollow concrete blocks are not generally recommended (unless filled in) as they can harbour rodents and insects. It is important that the construction be strong enough to withstand the pressure exerted on the walls by the grain. 5.2.4 Roof The ro

46、of should be sound, waterproof and, if permitted by local regulations, light in colour (usually white) on the outside. Girders and supporting pillars should be avoided as far as possible. Supporting pillars do not present problems on the side of stores, however in the middle they cause obstructions

47、to the loading/unloading, cause grain stacking and decrease the store capacity. Grain shall not be stacked around pillars because of fumigation problems. If the roof is flat, it should have a slight slope so that rainwater runs off. In the tropics a pitched roof with wide eaves helps insulation. The

48、 roof should be a good thermal insulator, not affected by condensation, and give protection against attack by pests and moulds. It should be designed so as not to provide harbourage for insects and mites. These measures require attention to the sealing between walls and roof, and protection of all p

49、ossible openings with a finely meshed grill. An internal ceiling is not advised, as it may provide harbourage for predators. Roofing materials include tiles, slates, bituminized felt and galvanized iron or aluminium sheet. All drain pipes from roof gutters should be external. It is bad practice to have pipes running down the insides of buildings, as they act as a harbourage for insects and mites and as runways for rodents, and, if defective, can allow rainwater to damage the grain. All external water and drain pipes should be fitted with sheet metal rat guards to p