BS 185-17-1973 Glossary of aeronautical and astronautical terms - Aerospace medicine《航空和航天术语词汇 第17节 航空航天医学》.pdf

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1、BRITISH STANDARD BS 185-17: 1973 Glossary of Aeronautical and astronautical terms Section 17: Aerospace medicine UDC 001.4:629.7 + 001.4:629.7 05:61BS185-17:1973 This British Standard, having been approved by the AerospaceIndustry Standards Committee, was published underthe authority of the Executiv

2、e Board on 19 October 1973 BSI 12-1999 The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard: Committee reference ACE/1 Draft for comment 72/30270 DC ISBN 0 580 07664 4 A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards ar

3、e responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i and ii, pages 1 to 5 and a back cover. This standard has been updated (see

4、 copyright date) and may have had amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on the inside front cover. Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date CommentsBS185-17:1973 BSI 12-1999 i Contents Page Section 17. Aerospace medicine 1 Subsection 171. General 1 Subsectio

5、n 172. Disorders and illusions 2 Subsection 173. Systems 4 Subsection 174. Equipment 5ii blankBS185-17:1973 BSI 12-1999 1 (Notes on the arrangement and scope of the glossary are contained in the Foreword to Section 1.) Section 17. Aerospace medicine Subsection 171. General No. Term Definition 17101

6、accelerations In aerospace medicine an acceleration on the human body is referred to as positive when its direction is from the head to the feet and as negative when in the reverse direction. A transverse acceleration is one acting at right angles to the long axis of the body. 17102 aerobiology The

7、study of the distribution of living organisms freely suspended in the atmosphere. 17103 aerospace medicine That branch of medicine dealing with the effects of flight through the atmosphere or in space upon the human body, and with the prevention or cure of physiological or psychological malfunctions

8、 arising from these effects. 17104 altitude tolerance The time and pressure conditions beyond which an individual can no longer maintain a specified physiological or psychological status. 17105 circadian rhythm Physiological functions having a periodicity of approximately24hours. 17106 Coriolis stim

9、ulation CROSS-COUPLED SENSATION Stimulation of sensory receptors by Coriolis acceleration. In particular, the stimulation of semi-circular canal receptors which occurs when an angular movement of the head is made in a plane other than that of the co-existent angular motion. 17107 counterpressure Pre

10、ssure applied to a part of the body surface to oppose an internally applied pressure, as exemplified in anti-g and pressure suits. 17108 empty-field myopia SPACE MYOPIA The tendency of the human eye to accommodate for a distance commonly of the order of six feet when in a featureless environment, re

11、sulting in potential failure to perceive objects at considerably greater distance. 17109 empty visual field A visual field which contains no perceptible detail but may have graded differences in luminance. 17110 ganzfeld A homogeneous empty visual field. 17111 exobiology The study of the possibility

12、 of the existence of life in familiar or unfamiliar forms under conditions which may be expected to exist in space and on cosmic bodies other than the Earth. 17112 explosive decompression A very rapid (i.e. one tenth of a second or less) reduction of the pressure in a pressurized compartment to that

13、 of the ambient pressure. If the change in pressure and/or the pressure ratio is of sufficient magnitude, physiological damage may be caused to the occupants. 17113 kinaesthesis The sensory modality, subserved by receptors in the capsules of joints and other periarticular mechanoreceptors, which all

14、ows the organism to sense the position and movement of one part of the body with respect to another. 17114 preoxygenation DENITROGENATION A process of breathing pure oxygen before flight in order to give protection against decompression sickness by eliminating nitrogen from the body tissues and flui

15、ds.BS185-17:1973 2 BSI 12-1999 Subsection 172. Disorders and illusions No. Term Definition 17115 pressure breathing A technique in which oxygen is supplied to the lungs at a pressure higher than the ambient pressure. 17116 continuous pressure breathing A kind of pressure breathing in which a minimum

16、 of pressure variation exists inside the mask. 17117 spatial orientation The awareness of ones attitude in space. 17118 time of useful consciousness The period between loss of oxygen supply (at altitude) and the inability of the individual to function efficiently. 17119 time to unconsciousness The p

17、eriod between loss of oxygen supply (at altitude) and the onset of unconsciousness. 17120 valsalva manoeuvre The procedure of raising the pressure in the nasopharynx, by forcible expiration with the mouth closed and nostrils pinched, in order to clear, or test the patency of, the Eustachian tubes. 1

18、7201 aeroarthrosis The formation of a perceptible but painless accumulation of gas within a joint space as a result of reduction of atmospheric pressure. 17202 aerodontalgia BARODONTALGIA Toothache brought on by change in ambient pressure. 17203 aeroemphysema The demonstrable presence of liberated g

19、as in connective tissue and in interstitial planes as a result of reduction of atmospheric pressure. 17204 aeroembolism BAREMBOLISM The formation or liberation of gas bubbles in the fluid systems of the body as a result of a fall in ambient pressure. 17205 aeroneurosis Functional disorders resulting

20、 from the stresses of flying. They may become manifest as any psychosomatic disorder. 17206 aerosinusitis An inflammatory reaction of one or more of the accessory nasal sinuses resulting from a difference in pressure between the gas in the sinus and the surrounding atmosphere. 17207 alternobaric ver

21、tigo PRESSURE VERTIGO Vertigo associated with a change in environmental pressure. 17208 black-out The temporary loss of vision occurring, without unconsciousness, under certain conditions of positive acceleration. (Cf. 17217 and 17235.) 17209 break-off A feeling of isolation and separation from the

22、Earth, associated with a reaction of anxiety or euphoria, which may occur during very high altitude flight. 17210 chokes A form of altitude sickness characterized by coughing and a deep and usually burning irritation in the chest. 17211 decompression sickness Symptoms, which may include bends, choke

23、s, neurological disturbances or collapse, resulting from exposure to reduced ambient pressure and thought to be caused by gas bubbles, chiefly of nitrogen, in the tissues, tissue-fluids and blood vessels. 17212 bends Pain in and around the joints, as a symptom of decompression sickness.BS185-17:1973

24、 BSI 12-1999 3 No. Term Definition 17213 caisson disease COMPRESSED AIR ILLNESS Decompression sickness associated with relatively rapid reduction of ambient pressure from levels appreciably higher than one atmosphere to one atmosphere. 17214 creeps Mild itching and irritation of the skin, as a sympt

25、om of decompression sickness. 17215 dysbarism A general term for the physiological consequences of changes in ambient pressure. 17216 flailing An involuntary displacement of a limb or limbs due to high wind-blast forces, body instability or both during an escape from an aircraft, often resulting in

26、bone or joint injury. 17217 grey-out The apparent reduction in brightness of the visual field which is sometimes associated with exposure to positive acceleration. (Cf. 17208.) 17218 hyperventilation Overbreathing produced by increase in rate and/or depth of respiration above the needs of the body.

27、17219 hypoxaemia A condition in which the partial pressure of oxygen in the arterial blood is reduced below normal. 17220 hypoxia A deficiency of oxygen, especially that extensive enough to cause impairment of the faculties. 17221 anoxia Oxygen deprivation serious enough to cause death. Sometimes in

28、correctly used for hypoxia. illusions 17222 Auberts illusion An illusory perception of orientation to the vertical which may occur when the direction of the linear acceleration to which the observer is exposed differs from that of gravity. 17223 autokinetic illusion AUTOKINESIS The illusion of movem

29、ent of a fixed single object or light when observed in an otherwise empty visual field. 17224 disorientation (spatial) AVIATORS VERTIGO A perceptual disorder, occurring in flight, in which the person is unaware of, or uncertain about, the attitude or position of the aircraft in space. 17225 leans An

30、 illusion according to which the aviator believes the aircraft is inclined in one direction while he himself is leaning in the opposite direction. 17226 oculogravic illusion OPTOGRAVIC ILLUSION A false sensation of movement or rotation in a vertical plane, caused by the difference which may exist be

31、tween the direction of the vertical and that of resultant g during acceleration or deceleration. 17227 elevator illusion A specific form of oculogravic illusion produced by a change in the magnitude, but not the direction, of the linear acceleration vector. An object, fixed with reference to the obs

32、erver, appears to descend or ascend when the magnitude of a vertical z-axis linear acceleration is reduced or increased, respectively. 17228 oculogyral illusion OPTOGYRAL ILLUSION A false sensation of rotation occurring during or immediately after rotational accelerations acting on the body. 17229 m

33、otion sickness Symptoms of pallor, sweating, nausea and vomiting which are induced by unusual accelerations, and which may lead to collapse. 17230 air sickness Motion sickness occurring in flight.BS185-17:1973 4 BSI 12-1999 Subsection 173. Systems No. Term Definition 17231 canal sickness Motion sick

34、ness resulting from Coriolis stimulation (17106). 17232 otitic barotrauma AERO-OTITIS MEDIA A condition of the middle ear characterized by congestion, inflammation and pain; caused by a difference between the pressure in the middle ear chamber and that of the ambient atmosphere. 17233 oxygen ear A f

35、orm of otitic barotrauma associated with replacement of the gas content of the middle ear by an oxygen-rich mixture or pure oxygen and subsequent absorption of that oxygen into the blood circulation through the wall of the middle ear. 17234 post hypoxia paradox OXYGEN PARADOX A transient fit-like ep

36、isode following the application of an adequate oxygen supply to someone suffering from hypoxia(17220). 17235 red-out The condition occurring under negative acceleration in which the visual field appears to have a red colouration. (Cf. 17208.) 17236 time-zone disease Disorder of physiological and/or

37、psychological well-being resulting from travel across time zones, i.e. eastwards or westwards, when the bodys circadian clock time becomes significantly different from local time. 17301 closed ecological system A system in which such elements are combined as to enable the maintenance of the life and

38、 well-being of the living occupants of a sealed space without replenishment from without. 17302 closed respiratory gas system A completely self-contained system that will provide oxygen for breathing, maintain pressure and absorb the exhaled carbon dioxide and water vapour. 17303 life support system

39、 (LSS) That complex of equipment which provides for the maintained health, comfort and security of a vehicle occupant. General usage excludes atmospheric control but includes provision of food and water, waste collection and disposal, escape and survival gear. 17304 environmental control system(ECS)

40、 An engineering system which will maintain the immediate environment of an organism within defined limits of temperature, pressure and gaseous composition suitable for the maintenance of comfort and efficiency. 17305 oxygen system The complete equipment of an aircraft providing oxygen to the occupan

41、ts. 17306 anti-drowning valve A valve incorporated in an oxygen system whereby inhalation of air is possible and aspiration of water is prevented in the case of disconnection from the oxygen supply and subsequent immersion in water, as in the survival situation. 17307 anti-suffocation valve A valve

42、incorporated in an oxygen system whereby the user may inhale ambient air should the oxygen supply fail or be disconnected. In some systems such a valve is essential to avoid suffocation if the wearer is unable to remove the mask from his face. 17308 continuous flow oxygen system An oxygen system in

43、which the oxygen flows during both inspiration and expiration.BS185-17:1973 BSI 12-1999 5 Subsection 174. Equipment No. Term Definition 17309 economizer A valve controlled reservoir in a continuous flow oxygen system which stores oxygen during expiration. 17310 demand oxygen system An oxygen system

44、in which oxygen or an oxygen/air mixture flows to the user during inspiration only. 17311 phased dilution system An oxygen system in which pure oxygen is inspired initially in a given breath, followed by air during the later phase of inspiration, the relative quantities governing the overall composi

45、tion of the inspirate. 17401 air ventilated suit (AVS) A suit designed to keep the body temperature within a comfortable range by circulating conditioned air over the body surface. 17402 anti-g suit G-SUIT A suit that exerts pressure on the abdomen and lower parts of the body to prevent or retard th

46、e pooling of blood in these areas under positive acceleration. 17403 water-suit An anti-g suit in which the fluid used in the inter-lining is a liquid (water) thereby automatically approximating the required hydrostatic pressure gradient under positive acceleration. 17404 contour couch A support sys

47、tem, constructed from a cast of the individuals body, in which the user is maintained in a semi-supine position during positive acceleration. 17405 coverall A garment which forms the outermost layer of a clothing assembly, e.g. immersion coverall. 17406 emergency oxygen bottle BAIL-OUT BOTTLE A cyli

48、nder of oxygen provided for use by an individual who has left the central oxygen system, as in a parachute jump. 17407 immersion suit A garment designed to protect the body against the effects of immersion in cold water. 17408 liquid-conditioned suit A suit designed to keep the body temperature with

49、in a comfortable range by circulating a liquid through small pipes or ducts in the suit. 17409 pressure suit A suit in which pressure is exerted on the body in order to counteract an increase of pressure in the lungs. 17410 full pressure suit A pressure suit in which the pressure is exerted on the whole body. 17411 partial pressure suit A pressure suit in which the pressure is exerted on only part of the body and which is limited therefore in the altitude/time protection it affords. 17412 space suit A suit designed to protect the wearer from the extremes of environment a