AWWA M50-2017 Water Resources Planning Manual of Water Supply Practices (Third Edition).pdf

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1、Ideal crop marks Water Resources Planning Third Edition M50Printed on recycled paper Printed in the United States of America American Water Works Association 6666 West Quincy Avenue Denver, CO 80235-3098 awwa.org hours of work by your fellow water professionals. Revenue from the sales of this AWWA m

2、aterial supports ongoing product development. Unauthorized distribution, either electronic or photocopied, is illegal and hinders AWWAs mission to support the water community. This AWWA content is the product of thousands of Manual of Water Supply PracticesM50, Third Edition Water Resources Planning

3、 Copyright 1991, 1999, 2009, 2017 American Water Works Association All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information or retrieval system, except in the form of br

4、ief excerpts or quotations for review purposes, without the written permission of the publisher. Disclaimer The authors, contributors, editors, and publisher do not assume responsibility for the validity of the document or any consequences of its use. In no event will AWWA be liable for direct, indi

5、rect, special, incidental, or consequential damages arising out of the use of information presented in this book. In particular, AWWA will not be responsible for any costs, including, but not limited to, those incurred as a result of lost revenue. In no event shall AWWAs liability exceed the amount

6、paid for the purchase of this book. Project Manager/Managing Editor: Melissa Valentine Production: Glacier Publishing Services, Inc. Manual Specialist: Sue Bach Cover Design: Melanie Yamamoto If you find errors in this manual, please email booksawwa.org. Possible errata will be posted at www.awwa.or

7、g/resources-tools/resource.development.groups/manuals-program.aspx. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Kammereck, Lara, author. | American Water Works Association, issuingbody. Title: Water resources planning / by Lara Kammereck. Other titles: AWWA manual ; M50. Description: T

8、hird edition. | Denver, CO : American Water Works Association,2016 | Series: AWWA manual ; M50 Identifiers: LCCN 2016019686 | ISBN 9781625761798 Subjects: LCSH: Water-supply-Planning. | Water consumption-Forecasting. |Water resources development. Classification: LCC TD345 .K268 2016 | DDC 363.6/1068

9、4-dc23 LC record available at https:/lccn.loc.gov/2016019686 ISBN-13 978-1-62576-179-8 eISBN-13 978-1-61300-390-9Ideal crop marks iii AWWA Manual M50 Contents List of Figures, v List of Tables, vii Preface, ix Acknowledgments, xi Chapter 1 Introduction to Water Resources Planning 1 Surface Water, 3

10、Groundwater, 4 The Water Resources Planning Process, 5 Selecting the Project Team, 9 References, 9 Chapter 2 Planning Policies 11 Local Planning History, 11 Coordination of Utility-Level Plans With State and Regional Water Resources Plans, 12 Initial Scoping, 19 Process and Road Map for Plan Develop

11、ment, 21 Public Involvement, 23 References, 33 Chapter 3 Legal Issues With Water Supplies 35 Water Rights in General, 35 Surface Water Rights, 36 Groundwater Rights, 40 Reclaimed Water Rights, 42 Federal and Tribal Water Rights, 42 Public Trust Doctrine, 45 Water Quality Effects, 46 Reference, 48 Ch

12、apter 4 Water Resources Alternatives 49 Surface Water, 49 Groundwater, 51 Reclaimed Water, 56 Desalination, 64 Demand Management, 66 Water Marketing and Transfers, 70 Nontraditional Sources, 76 References, 76 Chapter 5 Water Demand Forecasting 79 Forecasting Methods, 81 Selecting the Right Model, 84

13、 Analysis of Current Water Demand, Factors, and Trends, 86 Developing a Forecast of Future Water Demand, 88 Evaluating Uncertainty of the Water Demand Forecast, 91iv WATER RESOURCES PLANNING AWWA Manual M50 Summary, 92 References, 93 Chapter 6 Water Quality 95 The Hydrologic Cycle and Water Quality,

14、 95 Surface Water Quality, 96 Groundwater Quality, 96 Physical, Chemical, and Biological Components Influencing Water Quality, 97 Sources of Water Contaminant Loading, 100 Water Quality Sampling and Monitoring, 104 Summary, 106 References, 106 Chapter 7 Source Water Protection 107 Source Water Prote

15、ction Programs, 108 ANSI/AWWA Standard G300 for Source Water Protection, 115 Groundwater Protection, 117 Surface Water Source Protection, 123 References, 138 Chapter 8 Water Supply Assessments 141 Overview of Assessment Approach, 141 Identification of Evaluation Criteria for Assessments, 142 Water S

16、upply Reliability Assessment, 144 Water Quality Assessment, 149 Environmental Assessment, 153 Implementation Assessment, 163 Cost Assessment, 165 Summary, 170 Chapter 9 Alternatives Analysis 171 Basic Objectives and Guiding Principles, 171 Why Conduct an Analysis of Alternatives?, 172 Overview of Bu

17、siness Case Evaluation Methods, 174 Defining Important Types of Benefits and Costs, 177 Key Steps of Alternatives Analysis, 178 Methods For Estimating Benefits and Costs, 182 Discounting and Present Values, 185 Dealing With Uncertainties and Data Gaps, 186 Conclusions, 188 References, 189 Chapter 10

18、 Integrated Water Management Plan 191 Developing a Plan, 192 Developing the Plan, 193 Case Study: City of SDPUD 2012 Long-Range Water Resources Plan, 197 References, 210 Appendix A Preliminary Cost Guide for Water Supply Dams 211 Appendix B A White Paper From the AWWA Source Water Protection (approv

19、ed April 11, 1997) 219 Appendix C State Wellhead and Source Water Protection Contact List 223 Index, 225 AWWA Manuals, 233Ideal crop marks v AWWA Manual M50 Figures 1-1 Average annual precipitation in the United States (19611990), 3 1-2 Difference between average annual precipitation and PET rates,

20、4 1-3 Mean annual groundwater recharge, 5 1-4 Groundwater level declines, 6 4-1 Riverbank filtration using vertical wells, 56 4-2 Riverbank filtration using horizontal wells, 57 4-3 Wastewater hydrograph, 61 4-4 Supply sized for average-month demand, 63 4-5 Supply sized for daily demand, 63 5-1 The

21、specification errorinformationcost trade-off, 85 5-2 Historical trends in water use, 87 5-3 Seasonality index of single-family water use, 87 6-1 Point source pollution, 102 6-2 Nonpoint source pollution, 103 7-1 Watershed source water protection area, 110 7-2 Watershed source water protection area,

22、segmented for assessments, 110 7-3 Variable shape source water protection areas with varying time of travel (TOT), 110 7-4 Cross section of the alluvial aquifer shows hydrogeologic conditions that affect groundwater movement and the cross-valley extent of each delineation method, 111 7-5 Example of

23、surface water and groundwater interaction that would require conjunctive delineation, 111 7-6 Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protections approach to conducting susceptibility determination, 113 7-7 Six essential elements of an SWPP under ANSI/AWWA G300, 116 7-8 Watershed protection plan d

24、evelopment and implementation flowchart, 126 7-9 Wachusett Reservoir watershed public access management zones, 134 9-1 Steps in an economic analysis framework, 180 10-1 Sources of San Diego water, 198 10-2 Terminology used with stakeholder involvement, 200 10-3 Comparison of objective weights for th

25、e 2012 LRWRP Stakeholder Committee, 201 10-4 Portfolio rankings with average Stakeholder Committee weights, 204 10-5 Portfolio rankings under sensitivity conditions, 205 10-6 Potential 2035 climate change effects for San Diego water supplies, 206vi WATER RESOURCES PLANNING AWWA Manual M50 10-7 Benef

26、itcost trade-off analysis, 207 10-8 Reliability trade-off analysis, 208 10-9 Risk triggers and implications, 209 10-10 Near-term resource strategy, 209 10-11 Long-term resource strategy, 210 A-1 Dam profile layout, 213 A-2 Profile layout for estimating quantity, 214 A-3 Typical RCC dam geometry, 214

27、 A-4 RCC unit cost, 215 A-5 Earth fill unit cost, 217Ideal crop marks vii AWWA Manual M50 Tables 2-1 Summary of drivers for integrated resource planning, 13 2-2 Organization of information from stakeholder interviews, 30 2-3 Informing the public, 31 3-1 Comparison of state surface water systems, 37

28、3-2 Major common-law doctrines in 50 states, 41 4-1 Example industrial wastewater constituents, 59 4-2 Reclaimed water use by treatment level, 60 4-3 Desalination process chart, 65 5-1 Disaggregation of water demand into sectors and end uses, 80 5-2 Possible water use sectors, associated units, and

29、explanatory variables, 86 6-1 Water states and qualitative characteristics, 101 6-2 Summary of the minimum parameters to be analyzed in water quality tests for groundwater, 106 7-1 Advantages and disadvantages of WHPA delineation methods, 121 7-2 Categories of water quality threats, 130 7-3 Threat a

30、ssessment, 132 7-4 Wachusett Reservoir watershed 2013 public access policy summary, 133 9-1 Primary economic valuation methods for nonmarket goods and services, comparative advantages and disadvantages, 183 9-2 Sensitivity analysis applied to discount rate, 187 10-1 Range of options considered, 203

31、A-1 Considerations for selecting dam type, 212 A-2 Embankment dam alternative layout selection factors, 216This page intentionally blank.Ideal crop marks ix AWWA Manual M50 Preface This publication is the third edition of the American Water Works Association (AWWA) Manual M50, Water Resources Planni

32、ng, originally published in 2001, with a second edi- tion released in 2007. The manual presents information on how to develop a plan for new water supplies to accommodate projected future water demands and provides an effective framework for water resources planning for the 21st century. Water resou

33、rces planning for potable water supplies is a very broad topic. Issues range from estimating future water demand to evaluating possible new sources of water, protecting water sources, and addressing expanding environmental regulations. One method for preparing a water resources plan is integrated re

34、source planning (IRP). Developed in the 1990s, IRP is a way to bring together myriad issues, interests, and stake- holders through a planning process that can result in a reason-based, cost-effective, and environmentally sound plan the public can support. This third edition significantly enhances th

35、e basis of water resources planning pro- vided in prior editions. Additions and improvements include the following: Organization of the manual around the planning process Inclusion of stakeholder involvement at various steps throughout the process Inclusion of reclaimed water and other source water

36、alternatives in the portfolio of solutions, recognizing the Total Water Solutions planning perspective References to AWWA standards and manuals of water supply practices for more details on specific topics Expanded emphasis on the evaluation of alternatives A new, award-winning case study that illus

37、trates the concepts presented in the manual Inclusion of the AWWA policy statement on water resources planning This manual was prepared by AWWAs Water Resources Planning and Management Committee and associated volunteer authors to help water resources planners meet the challenge of accommodating a g

38、rowing demand for water, while complying with myriad regulations that govern the development and use of new water supplies. No two water resources plans are alike, and planning is an ever-changing process. The issues discussed in this manual should allow the planner to develop and implement a compre

39、hensive work plan that responds to technical and institutional questions that must be addressed before deciding how to develop new water supplies. The AWWA Water Resources Planning and Management Committee welcomes your input and comments on the content and usefulness of this manual.This page intent

40、ionally blank.Ideal crop marks xi AWWA Manual M50 Acknowledgments The AWWA Technical and Educational Council, the Water Resource Sustainability Division, and the Water Resources Planning and Management Committee gratefully acknowledge the contributions made by those volunteers who drafted, edited, a

41、nd pro- vided the significant and critical commentary essential to updating AWWA Manual M50. The Technical Review Board members dedicated countless hours in the final stages of preparation of this edition to ensure the overall technical quality, consistency, and accu- racy of the manual. Technical R

42、eview Board Members Lara Kammereck , Chair, Carollo Engineers, Seattle, Wash. Frederick Bloetscher , Florida Atlantic University, Hollywood, Fla. William Y. Davis , CDM, Carbondale, Ill. Thomas E. Dumm , OBrien & Gere, Bowie, Md. Chi Ho Sham , Eastern Research Group, Inc., Waltham, Mass. Brian Skeen

43、s , CH2M, Atlanta, Ga. Contributors to the 3rd Edition Lara Kammereck , Chair, Carollo Engineers, Seattle, Wash. John Andrew , California Department of Water Resources, Sacramento, Calif. Frederick Bloetscher , Florida Atlantic University, Hollywood, Fla. Samia R. Broadaway , Baker Botts L.L.P ., Au

44、stin, Texas David B. Campbell , Schnabel Engineering, West Chester, Pa. Brad Castleberry , Lloyd-Gosselink Attorneys, Austin, Texas Danusha S. Chandy , Arcadis, Arlington, Va. William Y. Davis , CDM, Carbondale, Ill. Thomas E. Dumm , OBrien & Gere, Bowie, Md. Steven A. Friedman , HDR, Riverside, Cal

45、if. Danielle Gallet , Center for Neighborhood Technology, Chicago, Ill. Lindsey Geiger , American Water Works Association, Denver, Colo. Alex Gerling , American Water Works Association, Denver, Colo. Stephanie Shamblin Gray , HDR Engineering, Inc., Irvine, Calif. Jeffrey W. Henson , Black & Veatch,

46、Kansas City, Mo. Pamela P. Kenel , Black & Veatch, Gaithersburg, Md. Michelle Klase Robinson , Dialogue Public Relations, Safety Harbor, Fla. Les K. Lampe , Black & Veatch, Kansas City, Mo. Sharon C. Long , University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis. Lisa A. Maddaus , Maddaus Water Management, Folsom, Calif. William O. Maddaus , Maddaus Water Management, Alamo, Calif. James W. Miller , Everett Public Works Department, Everett, Wash. Robert Morgan , Beaver Water District, Lowell, Ark.xii WATER RESOURCES PLANNING AWWA Manual M50 Kelly Mott Lacroix , Water Resources Res