AWWA M42-2013 Steel Water-Storage Tanks (Revised Edition).pdf

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1、1P3C 30042-RE (5/13) QGAWWA is the authoritative resource for knowledge, information, and advocacy to improve the quality and supply of water in North America and beyond. AWWA is the largest organization of water professionals in the world. AWWA advances public health, safety, and welfare by uniting

2、 the efforts of the full spectrum of the entire water community. Through our collective strength, we become better stewards of water for the greatest good of the people and the environment.Ideal crop marks Ideal crop marksRevised Edition1P3C 30042-RE (5/13) QGAWWA is the authoritative resource for k

3、nowledge, information, and advocacy to improve the quality and supply of water in North America and beyond. AWWA is the largest organization of water profes-sionals in the world. AWWA advances public health, safety, and welfare by uniting the efforts of the full spectrum of the entire water communit

4、y. Through our collective strength, we become better stewards of water for the greatest good of the people and the environment.Manual of Water Supply PracticesM42Steel Water-Storage TanksM42Water-storage tanks play an important role in water distribution systems. The thousands of steel tanks in use

5、today are a significant asset to water systems, providing enough water capacity to meet demand for firefighting, peak use, dry conditions, and other demands on the distribution system. When properly built, operated, and maintained, steel water-storage tanks can provide decades of useful service to w

6、ater providers.Steel Water-Storage Tanks (M42) provides water distribution system managers, operators, contractors, and consultants with information about the use of steel tanks for the storage of water during water production, treatment, and distribution. The manual covers the planning, specificati

7、on, construction, operation, and maintenance of steel tanks. Updates in this revised edition include several new and many revised figures and tables, information on composite elevated tanks, recommended steel tank guidelines, water quality assurance, references to AWWA standards, and current steel w

8、ater tank industry sources and organizations. M42SteelWater-StorageTanks,Revised EditionSteel Water-Storage TanksAWWA MANUAL M42Revised EditionCopyright 2013 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.Manual of Water Supply Practices M42, Revised EditionSteel Water-Storage TanksCopyright

9、2013 American Water Works AssociationAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information or retrieval system, except in the form of brief excerpts or quotations for

10、 review purposes, without the written permission of the publisher.DisclaimerThe authors, contributors, editors, and publisher do not assume responsibility for the validity of the content or any consequences of its use. In no event will AWWA be liable for direct, indirect, special, incidental, or con

11、sequential damages arising out of the use of information presented in this book. In particular, AWWA will not be responsible for any costs, including, but not limited to, those incurred as a result of lost revenue. In no event shall AWWAs liability exceed the amount paid for the purchase of this boo

12、k.AWWA Sr. Manager of Editorial Development and Production: Gay Porter De NileonAWWA Sr. Technical Editor/Project Manager: Martha Ripley GrayCover Art: Melanie Yamamoto, AWWA Sr. Graphic DesignerProduction: Sandra Lankenau, AWWA Sr. Production EditorLibrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

13、Steel water-storage tanks.Revised edition.pages cm.(AWWA manual ; M42)Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 978-1-58321-948-5 (alk. paper)1. Water towersDesign and constructionHandbooks, manuals, etc. 2. Water towers-Maintenance and repair-Handbooks, manuals, etc. 3. Tanks-Design and co

14、nstruction-Handbooks, manuals, etc. 4. TanksMaintenance and repairHandbooks, manuals, etc. I. American Water Works Association. TD489.S74 2013628.13-dc232013012693Printed on recycled paperPrinted in the United States of AmericaISBN-13 978-1-58321-948-5ISBN-10 1-58321-948-X6666 West Quincy AvenueDenv

15、er, CO 80235-3098 303.794.7711 www.awwa.orgeISBN-13 978-1-61300-238-4eISBN-10 1-61300-238-6Copyright 2013 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.ISBN: 978-1-58321-948-5 e-ISBN: 978-1-61300-238-4ContentsList of Figures, vii List of Tables, xi Preface, xiii Acknowledgments, xv Introduct

16、ion, xvii Definitions, xviii AWWA Standards, xviii Welded Tanks, xix Bolted Tanks, xxComposite Elevated Tanks, xxPart I Elements of Steel Water Tanks 1Chapter 1 Typical Capacities and Configurations. .3Reservoirs, 3 Standpipes, 3 Roof Designs for Reservoirs and Standpipes, 10 Elevated Tanks, 12 Mult

17、iple-Column Elevated Tanks, 13 Pedestal Elevated Tanks, 18 Chapter 2 Appurtenances. 29Shell Manholes, 29 Pipe Connections, 30 Overflow, 32 Ladders and Safety Devices, 33Roof Openings, 36 Vents, 37 Devices for Indicating Water Level, 39 Emergency Fill/Withdraw Connections, 40 Chapter 3 Cathodic Prote

18、ction. .41Nature of Corrosion, 41 Principles of Cathodic Protection, 43 Cathodic Protection Design, 44 Maintenance, 45 Chapter 4 Coating Systems .49Interior Coatings, 49Exterior Coatings, 51 Inspection and Quality Control, 52 Removing Coating by Abrasive Blasting, 52 iiiCopyright 2013 American Water

19、 Works Association. All Rights Reserved.ivPart II The New Tank Project 55Chapter 5 Selecting and Sizing Water-Storage Tanks 57 Peak Demand, 57 Fire Flow, 58 Top and Bottom Capacity Levels, 58 Water Quality Issues, 58Energy Costs, 60 Future Needs, 60 Environmental Impact, 60 Tank Costs, 60 Chapter 6

20、Construction Considerations .63Design Standards, 63 Contract Documents, 64 Constructor Capabilities, 64 Guarantees, 64 Soil Investigations, 64 Reservoir and Standpipe Foundations, 67 Elevated Tank Foundations, 69 Tank Site, 69Tank Coating: Welded Steel Tanks, 71Tank Coating: Bolted Steel Tanks, 73 T

21、ank Water Testing and Disinfection, 73 Engineers Role, 73 Bidding Documents, 74 Chapter 7 Inspecting New Tank Construction. .77Responsibility for Quality, 77 The Foundation, 78 Fabrication, 80 Steel Delivery, 80 Tank Erection, 80 Field Cleaning and Coating, 83 Mechanical and Electrical Appurtenances

22、, 85 Part III Existing Tanks 87Chapter 8 Routine Operation and Maintenance. 89Energy Management, 89Controls, 90 Periodic Operator Inspection, 90 Tank Washouts, 92 Chapter 9 Professional Examination and Renovation .95Tank Maintenance Engineers Functions and Qualifications, 96 Pre-Bid Inspection, 98 P

23、reparing Specifications, 103 Monitoring the Constructors Progress, 105 Periodic Reinspection, 108 Copyright 2013 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.vChapter 10 Cold-Weather Operation .109Causes and Results of Freezing, 109 Data Related to Freezing, 112 Designing Tanks for Cold Wea

24、ther, 112 Cold-Weather Operating Procedures, 117 Systems to Prevent Freezing, 119 Dealing With Frozen Tanks, 121 Appendix A Bibliography 123Appendix B Steel Water Tank Industry Standards .125Appendix C ANSI/AWWA D101-53 (R86), Inspecting and Repairing Steel Water Tanks, Standpipes, Reservoirs, and E

25、levated Tanks for Water Storage 131Index 141AWWA List of Manuals 147Copyright 2013 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.This page intentionally blank.Copyright 2013 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.viiFiguresF-1 A tank constructed in 1902 is still serving Wabash

26、, Ind., with practically no metal loss, xvii1-1 Welded steel reservoir, 41-2 Cross-sectional view of a welded steel reservoir, 41-3 Bolted steel reservoir, glass fused to steel, 51-4 Cross-sectional view of a bolted steel reservoir, 51-5 Welded steel standpipe with decorative pilasters, 81-6 Cross-s

27、ectional view of a typical welded steel standpipe, 81-7 Bolted steel reservoir, 91-8 Cross-sectional view of a bolted steel standpipe, 91-9 Column- and rafter-supported cone roof tank, 111-10 Column- and rafter-supported roof with knuckle, 111-11 Self-supporting dome roof or umbrella roof, 121-12 Se

28、lf-supporting ellipsoidal roof, 131-13 Double-ellipsoidal tank, 141-14 Cross-sectional view of double-ellipsoidal tank, 141-15 Medium-capacity welded elevated tank, 151-16 Cross-sectional view of medium-capacity, torus-bottom welded elevated tank, 161-17 Large-capacity elevated tank, 171-18 Cross-se

29、ctional view of large-capacity multi-column elevated tank, 171-19 Spherical single-pedestal tanks give pleasant silhouette, 191-20 Cross-sectional view of small-capacity spherical single-pedestal tank, 191-21 Alternative single-pedestal tank design, 201-22 Large-capacity single-pedestal elevated tan

30、k, 211-23 Cross-sectional view of large-capacity single-pedestal elevated tank, 211-24 Folded-plate design of a modified single-pedestal tank support, 221-25 Cross-sectional view of modified single-pedestal tank, 231-26 Composite elevated welded tank, 241-27 Cross-sectional view of a composite eleva

31、ted welded tank, 251-28 Composite elevated bolted tank, 261-29 Cross-sectional view of a composite elevated bolted tank, 26Copyright 2013 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.viii2-1 Inward-opening shell manhole detail, 302-2 Outward-opening shell manhole detail, 302-3 Recessed inle

32、t-outlet pipe bottom connection detail, 312-4 Non-recessed inlet-outlet pipe bottom connection details, 322-5 Overflow air break with flap valve, 332-6 Exterior caged ladder details, 342-7 Safe-climbing rail for an outside ladder, 352-8 Roof guardrail details, 362-9 Roof manhole assembly details, 37

33、2-10 Double 90 elbow roof vent detail, 382-11 Pan deck vent detail, 382-12 Typical clog-resistant vent detail, 393-1 Schematic diagram of a battery, 423-2 Corrosion of steel in water, 433-3 Tank corrosion protectionvertically suspended anodes, 463-4 Tank corrosion protectionhorizontally suspended an

34、odes, 475-1 Typical daily flow at constant pumping rate, 595-2 Typical daily flow with variable-rate pumping, 595-3 Relative cost by type of steel tank for 500,000-gal (1.9-ML) tanks, 615-4 Relative cost by type of elevated steel tank, 616-1 Soil-testing operations, 666-2 Example of tank supported o

35、n granular berm foundation, 687-1 Tank foundation construction, 797-2 Typical welding operation in the field, 817-3 Reviewing a weld radiograph, 827-4 Newly erected elevated tank, 839-1 Experienced riggers evaluate hard-to-reach areas on tower tanks, 979-2 Active corrosion penetrated this -in. (6-mm

36、) steel tank bottom in 9 years. Periodic inspections and washouts would have revealed and prevented this problem well in advance of failure, 999-3 Measuring shell thickness with ultrasonic equipment, 1009-4 Washing out tanks allows easier inspection and keeps tanks sanitary, 1019-5 Inspection of the

37、 degree of abrasive blast cleaning, 106Copyright 2013 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.ix9-6 An abrasive blast-cleaning operation, 10610-1 A frozen water tank, 11010-2 Isothermal lines for lowest one-day mean temperatures and normal daily minimum 30F (1C) temperature line for Ja

38、nuary, United States and Southern Canada, 11410-3 Double-seating, internal-closing drain valve, 11610-4 Tank riser bubbler system, 11910-5 Pumped circulation system for small riser pipes, 12010-6 Tank-thawing operation, 122Copyright 2013 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.This pag

39、e intentionally blank.Copyright 2013 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.xiTables1-1 Typical welded steel water-storage reservoir sizes, 61-2 Glass-coated bolted steel reservoirs and standpipes (capacity in thousand gallons), 71-3 Typical welded steel water-storage standpipe sizes,

40、 101-4 Typical double-ellipsoidal steel elevated tank sizes, 151-5 Typical medium-capacity welded steel elevated tank sizes, 161-6 Typical large-capacity welded steel elevated tank sizes, 181-7 Typical small-capacity single-pedestal steel elevated tank sizes, 201-8 Typical large-capacity single-pede

41、stal steel elevated tank sizes, 221-9 Typical modified single-pedestal steel elevated tank sizes, 231-10 Typical composite elevated welded tank sizes, 251-11 Typical composite elevated bolted tank sizes, 276-1 Typical soil investigation requirements, 6510-1 Thousands of British thermal units (Btu) l

42、ost per hour from elevated steel tanks based on minimum water temperature of 42 F (5 C) and a wind velocity of 12 mph (5m/sec), 113 A-1 Sample pitting report, 135Copyright 2013 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.This page intentionally blank.Copyright 2013 American Water Works Ass

43、ociation. All Rights Reserved.xiiiPrefaceThe purpose of this manual is to provide the water distribution system manager, operator, contractor, and consultant with information concerning steel tanks used for the storage of water during water production, treatment, and distribution. The manual covers

44、the planning, specification, construction, operation, and maintenance of steel tanks of riveted, welded, and bolted construction. This manual is not intended to be a technical commentary on American Water Works Association (AWWA) standards dealing with steel water-storage tanks; refer-ence is made t

45、o those standards to make the reader aware of their existence and appli-cation. ANSI/AWWA D101, Standard for Inspecting and Repairing Steel Water Tanks, Standpipes, Reservoirs, and Elevated Tanks for Water Storage, was last reaffirmed in 1986 and withdrawn as a standard in 1998, the year this manual

46、 was first published. That standard is included in this manual as appendix C.While the scope of this edition of the manual remains largely unchanged, updates have been made to the content throughout. This revised edition includes several new and many revised figures and tables, information on compos

47、ite elevated tanks, recommended steel tank guidelines, water quality assurance, references to AWWA standards, and current steel water tank industry sources and organizations. Copyright 2013 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.This page intentionally blank.Copyright 2013 American Wa

48、ter Works Association. All Rights Reserved.AcknowledgmentsThe Standards Committee on Steel Elevated Tanks, Standpipes, and Reservoirs, which reviewed and approved this manual, had the following personnel at the time of approval: Stephen W. Meier, ChairUser MembersJ. Camarena, East Bay Municipal Util

49、ity District, Oakland, Calif. (AWWA)T.M. Dawson, Emerald Coast Utilities Authority, Pensacola, Fla. (AWWA)M. Gaffey, Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center, Washington, D.C. (AWWA)M.W. Griffin,*Missouri-American Water Co., St. Louis, Mo. (AWWA)C.P. Harder, City of Fort Worth, Fort Worth, Texas (AWWA)G.S. Jacobson, California Water Service Company, San Jose, Calif. (AWWA)E.J. King, Connecticut Water Co., Clinton, Conn. (AWWA)M.J. Mazurek, Baltimore County Department of Public Works, Towson, Md. (AWWA)J.L.