AWWA 20714-2010 Treatment Technologies for Groundwater.pdf
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1、 Blank PageLee H. OdellTreatmentTechnologiesfor Groundwater20714 Groundwater Tx.indb iii20714 Groundwater Tx.indb iii 6/24/2010 10:52:07 AM6/24/2010 10:52:07 AMLibrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataOdell, Lee H.Treatment technologies for groundwater / Lee H. Odell.p. cm.ISBN 978-1-58321-
2、757-31. Groundwater-Purifi cation. 2. Drinking water-Contamination. I. Title. TD462.O34 2010628.114-dc222010011846ISBN 1-58321-757-6978-158321-757-3Treatment Technologies for GroundwaterCopyright 2010 American Water Works AssociationAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced
3、or trans-mitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information or retrieval system, except in the form of brief excerpts or quotations for review purposes, without the written permission of the publisher.DisclaimerThis book is provided for i
4、nformational purposes only, with the understand-ing that the publisher, editors, and authors are not thereby engaged in ren-dering engineering or other professional services. The authors, editors, and publisher make no claim as to the accuracy of the books contents, or their applicability to any par
5、ticular circumstance. The editors, authors, and pub-lisher accept no liability to any person for the information or advice provided in this book or for loss or damages incurred by any person as a result of reliance on its contents. The reader is urged to consult with an appropriate licensed professi
6、onal before taking any action or making any interpretation that is within the realm of a licensed professional practice.AWWA Publications Manager: Gay Porter De NileonTechnical Editor/Project Manager: Mary Kay KozyraCover Design/Production Editor: Cheryl Armstrong6666 West Quincy AvenueDenver, CO 80
7、235-3098303.794.7711www.awwa.org20714 Groundwater Tx.indb iv20714 Groundwater Tx.indb iv 6/24/2010 10:52:07 AM6/24/2010 10:52:07 AMvContentsList of Figures ixList of Tables xiii Preface xv1 Groundwater Treatment Regulations 1Regulations that Impact Groundwater Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8、1Current Primary and Secondary Drinking Water Standards. . . . . 3Secondary Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 Treatment Technology Overview 23Coa
9、gulationFiltration Treatment Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Biological Filtration Treatment Technologies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34Hydrous Manganese Oxide Filtration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38Oxidation/Precipitation/Filtration Treatment Technology . . . . .
10、 . 42Adsorptive Treatment Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47Ion-Exchange Treatment Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53Membrane Treatment Technology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56Electrodialysis Reversal . . . . . . . . . . .
11、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61Softening Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64Aeration and Degassing Treatment Technology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67Disinfection, Oxidation, and Corrosion Control: Chemical Treatment Technologies .
12、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 783 Disinfection of Groundwater 79Treatment Alternatives for Disinfection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79Chlorine . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80Ozone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85Chlorine Dioxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86UV Light . . . . . . . . . . .
14、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87Chloramine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89Inactivation Dose Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9020714 Groundwater Tx.indb v20714 Groundw
15、ater Tx.indb v 6/24/2010 10:52:08 AM6/24/2010 10:52:08 AMviSystems Complying With the Unfi ltered Requirements of the Surface Water Treatment Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 934 Corros
16、ion Control 95Corrosion Control Treatment Alternatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95Regulatory Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100Corrosion Indices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101Key Water Q
17、uality Parameters for Corrosion Control . . . . . . . . . 102Revised Guidance Manual for Lead and Copper . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104Corrosion Control Treatment Application Considerations . . . . . . 108Impacts on Water Quality from pH Adjustment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109Recent Information on
18、Lead and Copper Corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . 111References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1125 Iron and Manganese Removal 115Aesthetic and Operational Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115Treatment Alternatives . . . . .
19、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116Common Problems and Solutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1316 Arsenic Removal 133Treatment Alternatives . . . . . .
20、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133Handling and Disposal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1457 Hydrogen Sulfi de Removal 149Hydrogen Sulfi de
21、 Treatment Alternatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1548 Nitrate Removal 155Treatment Alternatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155References . . . . . .
22、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1639 Uranium Removal 165Treatment Alternatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165Residuals Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168References .
23、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17020714 Groundwater Tx.indb vi20714 Groundwater Tx.indb vi 6/24/2010 10:52:08 AM6/24/2010 10:52:08 AMvii10 Radium and Gross Alpha Removal 171Treatment Alternatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24、 . . . . . . . . 171Residuals Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17911 Barium Removal 181Removal Alternatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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