ASTM G113-2006 Standard Terminology Relating to Natural and Artificial Weathering Tests of Nonmetallic Materials《与非金属材料自然和人工风化试验相关的标准术语》.pdf

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1、Designation: G 113 06Standard TerminologyRelating to Natural and Artificial Weathering Tests ofNonmetallic Materials1This standard is issued under the fixed designation G 113; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the yea

2、r of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology standard covers terms that relate to thedurability testing of Nonmetallic Materials using natur

3、al andartificial weathering exposure techniques.1.2 It is the intent of this terminology standard to includethose weathering terms in wide use in ASTM for whichstandard definitions appear desirable.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D9 Terminology Relating to Wood and Wood-Based Prod-uctsE41

4、 Terminology Relating To ConditioningE 772 Terminology Relating to Solar Energy ConversionE 973 Test Method for Determination of the Spectral Mis-match Parameter Between a Photovoltaic Device and aPhotovoltaic Reference CellG84 Practice for Measurement of Time-of-Wetness onSurfaces Exposed to Wettin

5、g Conditions as inAtmosphericCorrosion TestingG90 Practice for Performing Accelerated Outdoor Weath-ering of Nonmetallic Materials Using Concentrated Natu-ral Sunlight2.2 AATCC Method:316 Colorfastness to Light2.3 ANSI Standards:4ANSI/NCSL Z540-2-1997 American National Standard forExpressing Uncerta

6、intyU.S. Guide to the Expression ofUncertainty in MeasurementISO 9370 Plastics - Instrumental Determination of RadiantExposure in Weathering Tests - General Guidance andBasic Test Method3. Significance and Use3.1 This terminology is not intended to supersede therequirements of similar definitions in

7、 certain other documents,but is intended to provide a listing of terms that are in currentwidespread usage, and their context in relation to weathering.4. Terminology4.1 Definitions:accelerated outdoor weathering , noutdoor weatheringusing the sun as the source of irradiance, and where the rateof de

8、terioration is accelerated over that of the in-serviceexposure position increasing one or more of the influencingparameters.acceleration factor, nthe ratio of exposure time required toproduce a specified amount of change in a material by oneexposure test divided by the exposure time required toprodu

9、ce the same change by another exposure test.DISCUSSIONAcceleration factors must be used with great cautionbecause they vary between materials (including different formulationsof the same material) and are strongly dependent on the exposureconditions and variability of both the natural and laboratory

10、 acceleratedexposures.Acceleration factors may also vary depending on the level ofmaterial property change used to determine the acceleration factor. Donot ratio irradiance in laboratory accelerated tests to irradiance inoutdoor exposures, or use equivalent radiant exposures to estimate timeto fail

11、in outdoor exposures. These calculations ignore differences intemperature and moisture between the accelerated test and exteriorexposures, and in the spectral power distributions of the laboratory lightsource and sunlight.actinic radiation, nthe spectral region(s) of a light sourceresponsible for th

12、e photodegradation of a particular material.ambient temperature, nthe existing temperature of the airor of an object in thermal equilibrium with the surroundingatmosphere.azimuth angle, nan angle of a plane to the horizon measuredclockwise to the object.backed exposure, na technique of weathering in

13、 which thetest specimens being exposed are mounted onto a solid1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G03 onWeathering and Durability and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G03.92on Terminology.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2006. Published January 2007. Originally

14、approved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as G 113 05.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM

15、website.3Available from American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists, P.O.Box 12215, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709.4Available from National Conference of Standards Laboratories, 1800 30th St.,Suite 305B, Boulder, CO 80301.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700

16、, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.backing material, of sufficient strength to hold the specimen.When the specimen and the backing are in direct contact thebacking material must be of a type that will not contaminatethe specimen. When two materials are intimately joinedtogether to for

17、m one composite, the materials below the topsurface are not considered as a backing.DISCUSSIONThe backing is typically plywood which has the effectof increasing specimen temperature and wet time during exposure,compared to exposure unbacked.black box, na thin metal box painted flat black on theoutsi

18、de only exclusive of the bottom surface with an opentop where the flat test specimens to be exposed constitute thetop surface of the box; the box is equipped with mountingstrips to hold the test specimens firmly in place; the topsurface of the box must be completely filled at all times; anyblank spa

19、ces on the top surface must be occupied by flatblack “dummy” panels to maintain correct operating condi-tion.black box under glass, na glass covered enclosure orcabinet of any convenient size. It shall be constructed ofcorrosion resistant metal and be enclosed to prevent ambientair from circulating

20、over the samples. Exterior non-glasssurfaces shall be painted black. The interior shall remainunpainted.black panel thermometer, na temperature measuring de-vice consisting of a metal panel, having a black coatingwhich absorbs all wavelengths uniformly, with a thermalsensitive element firmly attache

21、d to the center of the exposedsurface. The black panel thermometer is used to control anartificial weathering device and to provide an estimate of themaximum temperature of samples exposed to a radiantenergy source.climatological types, nmajor regions of significantly differ-ent recurring weather pa

22、tterns. In weathering, several dis-tinct climatological types are used to evaluate the atmo-spheric durability of materials. Within any singleclimatological variation, at a specific geographic location,short term weather patterns may fluctuate significantly. Thismay cause variability in short term e

23、xposures. Major cli-matic variations that are used for the study of weathering are:warm, moist climatesubtropical climate distinguished aswarm and humid year round, with frequent rain showers.hot, dry climatedesert climate distinguished as sunny, hot,and dry year round, with rare scattered showers.c

24、ontrol, nin weathering, the term control has three currentwidespread uses:1. A material which is of similar composition and construc-tion to the test material used for comparison, exposed at thesame time.DISCUSSIONA reference material can often be used as the control.2. A portion of the material to

25、be tested which is stored underconditions in which it is stable, and is used for comparison betweenexposed and original state.DISCUSSIONThis definition is deprecated in favor of “File Speci-men.”3. A portion of the exposed specimen which is protected from lightexposure by masking.DISCUSSIONThis defi

26、nition is deprecated in favor of “MaskedArea.”daylight , nas used in weathering, the term equivalent to“sunlight”. It refers to the full spectrum of solar irradiance,that is, ultraviolet through infrared, and includes both diffusesky and direct solar irradiance.DISCUSSIONThis definition differs from

27、 CIE (Commission Interna-tionale de lEclairage) Publication No 17.4 which defines daylight as“the visible par of global (sun plus sky) radiation.direct weathering, , na technique of weathering in whichthe test specimens are exposed to all prevailing elements ofthe atmosphere.dry-bulb temperature, ,

28、nthe temperature of the ambientair; for example, the temperature that is measured by thedry-bulb thermometer of a psychrometer. D 4023durability, , nin weathering, a measure of the retention oforiginal condition and function of a material after exposureto a specified set of conditions.enclosed carbo

29、n arc, , na light source in which an arc isproduced across a pair of carbon rods by a high energyelectrical source, such that a high intensity light is emitted.The carbons are enclosed in an inverted glass dome whichacts to prolong the life of the carbons, and to modify thespectral power distributio

30、n received by the specimens.exposure, , nthe act of subjecting the test specimen to thetest conditions.exposure angle , nthe tilt from horizontal of the testspecimen or any other exposed material, or both.fading unit (AATCC) , na specific amount of exposuremade under the conditions specified in vari

31、ous test methodswhere one Fading Unit is one-twentieth (120 th) of theexposure required to produce a color change equal to StepNo. 4 on the Gray Scale for Color Change or 1.7 6 0.3CIELAB units of color difference on Blue Wool Lightfast-ness Standard L 4 or 20 6 1.7 CIELAB units of colordifference on

32、 the Xenon Reference Fabric or combinationthereof.AATCC Technical Manualfile specimen, nportion of the material to be tested which isstored under conditions in which it is stable, and is used forcomparison between exposed and original state.fluorescent ultraviolet lamp, va lamp in which the irradi-a

33、nce from a low pressure mercury arc is transformed to alonger wavelength UV radiation by a phosphor; the spectralpower distribution of a fluorescent lamp is determined by theemission spectrum of the mercury arc light source, theemission spectrum of the phosphor and the UVtransmittanceof the glass tu

34、be.fresnel-reflector system, nflat mirrors arranged in an arraysuch that they reflect onto a target, the illuminated area ofwhich simulates the size and shape of the flat mirror. Such anarray simulates the ray-tracing of a parabolic trough of thesame aperture angle. G90gray scale, nthe scale consist

35、s of nine pairs of standard graychips each pair representing a difference in color or contrast(shade and strength) corresponding to a numerical fastnessrating. The results of colorfastness tests are rated by visuallycomparing the difference in color represented by the scale.AATCC Technical ManualG11

36、3062irradiance, nthe radiant power per unit area incident on areceiver, typically reported in watts per square metre, W m2E 973masked area, na portion of the exposed specimen which isprotected from light exposure by masking. (See also con-trol.)DISCUSSIONThe mask area is not protected from heat and

37、moisture.natural weathering, noutdoor exposure of materials tounconcentrated sunlight, the purpose of which is to assessthe effects of environmental factors on various functionaland decorative parameters of interest.open flame sunshine carbon arc, na light source in whichan arc is produced across a

38、pair of copper coated carbon rodsfilled with rare earth elements intended to produce a specificspectral power distribution. The carbons are open to theatmosphere and may be surrounded by a glass lanternarrangement which acts to modify the spectral power distri-bution received by the specimens.operat

39、ional control point, na set point for equilibriumconditions measured at sensor location(s) in an exposuredevice.operational control point tolerance, nthe permissible de-viation from the operational control point including permit-ted random deviation during equilibrium conditions in anexposure device

40、.DISCUSSIONIt is assumed, as with all measurements, that themeasurement of tolerance has uncertainty of measurement.operational fluctuations, nThe positive and negative devia-tions from the setting of the sensor at the operational controlset point during equilibrium conditions in a laboratoryacceler

41、ated weathering device.DISCUSSIONThe operational fluctuations are the result of unavoid-able machine variables and do not include measurement uncertainty.The operational fluctuations apply only at the location of the controlsensor and do not imply uniformity of conditions throughout the testchamber.

42、operational uniformity, nthe range around the operationalcontrol point for measured parameters within the intendedexposure area within the limits of intended operationalrange.DISCUSSIONIt is assumed, as with all measurements, that themeasurement of uniformity has uncertainty of measurement.photodegr

43、adation, nphotochemically induced changes inthe condition of the material.pyranometer, na radiometer used to measure the total solarradiant energy incident upon a surface per unit time per area.This energy includes the direct radiant energy, diffuse radiantenergy, and reflected radiant energy from t

44、he background.E 772pyrheliometer, na radiometer used to measure the direct orbeam solar irradiance incident on a surface normal to thesuns rays. E 772radiant exposure, ntime integral of irradiance, typicallyreported in joules per square metre, J m2E 772radiometer, na general class of instruments des

45、igned todetect and measure radiant energy.reference material, na material with known performance.reference specimen, na portion of the reference materialthat is to be exposed.relative humidity, nthe ratio of the actual pressure ofexisting water vapor to the maximum possible (saturation)pressure of w

46、ater vapor in the atmosphere at the sametemperature, expressed as a percentage. E41sample, na group of units or portion of material, taken froma larger collection of units or quantity of material, whichserves to provide information that can be used as a basis foraction on the larger quantity.DISCUSS

47、IONWhere sample is used as a term for the item to beexposed, the term is deprecated in favor of specimen.solar azimuth angle, nthe angular distance measured clock-wise from due north to the projection of the beam radiationon the horizontal plane (see Fig. 1).solar irradiance, nas related to natural

48、weathering ofmaterials, the irradiance of the sun incident on the earthssurface, having wavelengths between about 295 nm and4050 nm (4.05 microns). E 772solar irradiance, global E5(2p), nsolar irradiance receivedon an upward facing horizontal surface directly transmittedfrom the solid angle of the s

49、uns disk or scattered intraversing the atmosphere, measured in watts per squaremetre.solar irradiance, infraredas related to natural weatheringof materials, terrestrial solar irradiance for which the wave-lengths are longer than those for visible irradiance andshorter than about 4.05 microns.DISCUSSIONThe limits of the spectral range of infrared radiation arenot well defined and may vary according to the user. Committee E-2.1.2of the CIE distinguishes in the spectral range between 780 nm and 1mm into IR-A, IR-B, and I