ASTM F1236-2016 Standard Guide for Visual Inspection of Electrical Protective Rubber Products《电气保护用橡胶制品的外观检查》.pdf

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1、Designation: F1236 16Standard Guide forVisual Inspection of Electrical Protective Rubber Products1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1236; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.

2、 A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 The purpose of this guide is to present methods andtechniques for the visual inspection of electrical protectiverubber products. Thi

3、s guide also includes descriptions andphotographs of irregularities found in these products.NOTE 1It is not the purpose of this guide to establish the acceptancelevel of any irregularity described herein. That shall be established by thestandard for each product.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound u

4、nits are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is therespons

5、ibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F496 Specification for In-Service Care of Insulating Glovesand SleevesF819 Terminology Relatin

6、g to Electrical Protective Equip-ment for Workers3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 abrasions and scratchessurface damage that nor-mally occurs when a product makes contact with an abrasivesurface (see Fig. 1 and Fig. 2).3.1.1.1 DiscussionScuff-like damage can als

7、o occur froma brush contact with a hot object such as a soldering iron. Thiscan sometimes look like the graining on leather.3.1.2 age crackssurface cracks that may look like thecrazing of glazed ceramics and become progressively worsewith time (see Fig. 3).3.1.2.1 DiscussionIt is normally a slow oxi

8、dation processcaused by exposure to sunlight and ozone in the atmosphereand starts in areas of the rubber that are under stress.3.1.3 breakdown the electrical discharge or arc occurringbetween the electrodes and through the equipment being tested(see Fig. 4, Fig. 5 and Fig. 6).3.1.4 chemical blooma

9、white or yellowish discolorationon the surface of a rubber product caused by the migration tothe surface of chemical additives used in the manufacture ofthe finished product (see Fig. 7).3.1.5 color splasha spot or blotch on the surface of arubber product that occurred during the manufacturing proce

10、sswhen a contrasting colored particle of unvulcanized rubberbecame embedded into the finished product (see Fig. 8).3.1.6 cutssmooth incisions in the surface of the rubberthat are usually caused by a sharp-edged object that canincrease in size when they are placed under strain (see Fig. 9).3.1.7 depr

11、essions or indentationsa shallow recess in thesurface of the rubber that exhibits a thinner rubber thickness atthe bottom of the depression than in the surrounding areas (seeFig. 10).3.1.8 detergent crackscracks that appear on the insidesurface of a glove or sleeve that encircle the outline of a spo

12、tof detergent residue that was not removed during the cleaningand rinsing of the form prior to the dipping process.3.1.9 embedded foreign mattera particle of non-rubbermaterial that has been molded into the finished product andmay appear as a bump when the rubber is stretched (see Fig.11).3.1.10 for

13、m marksa raised or indented section on thesurface of the rubber that was caused by an irregularity in theform.3.1.11 glove discolorationa non-harmful surface discolor-ation on a rubber insulating glove caused by the leaching of thetanning chemicals in leather protectors when protectors are lefton th

14、e rubber insulating glove for an extended time; this isaccelerated when the protectors are wet (see Figs. 12-14).1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F18 on ElectricalProtective Equipment for Workers and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF18.60 on Terminology.Current edi

15、tion approved Oct. 1, 2016. Published November 2016. Originallyapproved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as F1236 15. DOI:10.1520/F1236-16.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMS

16、tandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.1.12 hard spota hardened area on the rubber surface thatis usually caused by exposure to hi

17、gh heat or chemical attack(see Figs. 15-18).3.1.13 mold marksa raised or indented section on thesurface of the rubber that was caused by an irregularity in themold (see Figs. 19 and 20).3.1.14 nicks, snags, or scratchesangular tears, notches, orchip-like injuries in the surface of the rubber that ha

18、ve beencaused by barbed wire, sharp pointed tools, staples, splinters orsimilar sharp edged hazards (see Fig. 2, Fig. 21, and Fig. 22).3.1.15 ozone cracksa series of interlacing cracks that maystart at stress points and quickly worsen as a result of rapidoxidation in a highly concentrated ozone atmo

19、sphere usuallyproduced by electrical arcing (see Fig. 23 and Fig. 24).3.1.16 parting line or flash linea ridge of rubber left onfinished products occurring at mold joints during the manufac-turing process.3.1.17 pittinga pit-like depression in the surface of therubber that may have been created by t

20、he rupturing of an airbubble at or near the surface of the rubber during themanufacturing process (see Fig. 25).3.1.18 protuberancebulge or swelling that protrudesabove the surface of the rubber that may have occurred duringmanufacture (see Fig. 26).3.1.19 puncturepenetration by a sharp object throu

21、gh theentire thickness of the rubber product (see Fig. 27).3.1.20 repair marksan area on the surface of the finishedproduct that has a different texture due to the repair orreworking of an irregularity in the mold or form (see Fig. 28).3.1.21 runsraised flow marks that may occur on thefingers of rub

22、ber gloves during the dipping process.3.1.22 skin breakscavities in the surface of the rubberwith filmy ragged edges and smooth interior surfaces that arenormally caused by embedded dirt specks during manufacture.3.1.23 soft spotssurface areas of the rubber that havebecome soft and sometimes tacky a

23、s a result of exposure toheat, oils, or chemical solvents.3.1.24 tearsa separation of the rubber through its entirethickness, usually at an edge, that has been created by aforceful pulling apart of the rubber (see Fig. 29 and Fig. 30).3.1.25 trackingthe formation of a carbonized path on thesurface o

24、f a solid insulating medium, resulting from excessivecurrent leakage over the surface (see Fig. 31, Fig. 32, and Fig.33).4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide provides inspection techniques that may beused to examine electrical protective rubber products forirregularities. The methods have applicati

25、ons in manufacturinglocations, testing facilities, and in the field where the productsare used.4.2 This guide also contains photographs that supplementthe descriptions of terms listed in Section 3 and in DefinitionsF819.5. Inspection Methods5.1 Rolling:5.1.1 Inspect glove and sleeve surface areas by

26、 gentlyrolling their entire outside and inside surface areas between thehands. This technique requires gently squeezing together theinside surfaces of the glove or sleeve to bend the outsidesurface area and create sufficient stress to inside surfaces of theglove or sleeve to highlight cracks, cuts,

27、or other irregularities.When the entire outside surface area has been inspected in thismanner, turn the glove or sleeve inside-out and repeat theinspection on the inside surface (now on the outside). Ifnecessary, a more careful inspection of suspicious areas can beachieved by gently pinching and rol

28、ling the rubber between thefingers (see Fig. 34). Never leave a glove or sleeve in aninside-out condition. Stretch the thumb and finger crotches byFIG. 1 AbrasionFIG. 2 ScratchesF1236 162pulling apart adjacent thumb and fingers to look for irregulari-ties in those areas (see Fig. 35, Fig. 36, Fig. 3

29、7 and Fig. 38).5.1.2 Place rubber blankets on a clean, flat surface and rollup tightly starting at one corner and rolling toward thediagonally opposite corner. Inspect the entire surface forirregularities as it is rolled up. Unroll the blanket and roll it upagain at right angles to the original dire

30、ction of rolling. Repeatthe rolling operations on the reverse side of the blanket (seeFig. 39).5.1.3 Examine the inside surfaces of the insulating line hoseby holding the hose at the far end from the lock and placingboth hands side-by-side palms down around the hose. With theslot at the top and the

31、long free end of the hose on the left,slowly bend the two ends of the hose downward while forcingthe slot open with the thumbs. The hose should be open at thebend, exposing the inside surface. Slide the left hand about afoot down the hose and then, with both hands firmly grippingthe hose, simultaneo

32、usly move the left hand up and the righthand down to pass this section over the crown of the bend forinspection. Slide the right hand up the hose to the left hand.Hold the hose firmly with the right hand while the left handagain slides another foot down the hose. Repeat the inspectionand, in this wa

33、y, the entire length of hose passes through thehands from one end to the other (see Fig. 40).5.2 Inflation:5.2.1 Punctures and other small holes in rubber insulatinggloves can be found by inflating the gloves with air pressure.Gloves can be inflated manually by grasping the side edges ofthe glove op

34、ening (see Fig. 41) and stretching gently, side-by-side, to close and slightly seal the open end, (see Fig. 42). Rollup the gauntlet end about 112 in. (38 mm) toward the palm bytwirling the glove in a rotating motion using the rolled edges ofthe glove opening as an axis. Grasp the rolled up end in o

35、nehand to contain the entrapped air in the palm and fingers (seeFig. 43). Hold the inflated glove close to one ear and, with theFIG. 3 Age CracksFIG. 4 Breakdown (Dielectric Failure Blanket: Back)FIG. 5 Breakdown (Dielectric Failure Blanket: Front)F1236 163free hand, squeeze the glove palm to increa

36、se the air pressurewhile listening and feeling for pinhole leaks (see Fig. 44).Release the entrapped air.5.2.2 To entrap air in heavy weight gloves, it may benecessary to lay the glove on a flat surface, palm up, and pressthe open end closed with the fingers, (see Fig. 45). Whileholding the end clos

37、ed, tightly roll up about 112 in. (38 mm) ofthe gauntlet (see Fig. 46 and Fig. 47). Grasp the rolled-up endand inspect for small holes in accordance with 5.2.1 (see Fig.48 and Fig. 49).5.2.3 Mechanical glove or sleeve inflaters may also be usedto inspect the surface areas of the products (see Fig. 5

38、0 and Fig.51).5.2.4 Take care not to over inflate the gloves and sleeves asnoted in Specification F496, since their physical characteristicsmay be adversely affected by over inflating. Type 1 gloves andsleeves shall not be inflated or stretched to more than twicetheir normal size. Type 2 gloves and

39、sleeves shall not beinflated or stretched to more than 1.25 times their normal size.5.3 LightingThe visual inspection of electrical protectiverubber products requires good lighting and the products shouldbe thoroughly cleaned before inspection. The light sourceshould be at least 200 fc (2152.81x) wi

40、th a reflector and shouldbe adjustable for different lighting conditions. Some irregulari-ties can be more easily seen with the light shining down on thesurface being examined; other irregularities require a low angleof light to allow the defect to cast a shadow in order to be seen.FIG. 6 Breakdown

41、(Dielectric Failure)FIG. 7 Chemical BloomFIG. 8 Color SplashFIG. 9 CutsF1236 164FIG. 10 DepressionsFIG. 11 Foreign MatterFIG. 12 Glove DiscolorationFIG. 13 Glove DiscolorationFIG. 14 Glove DiscolorationF1236 165FIG. 15 Hard SpotFIG. 16 Hard SpotFIG. 17 Hard SpotFIG. 18 Hard SpotF1236 166FIG. 19 Mold

42、 MarksFIG. 20 Mold MarksFIG. 21 NickFIG. 22 SnagFIG. 23 Ozone CrackingFIG. 24 Ozone CracksF1236 167FIG. 25 PittingFIG. 26 ProtuberanceFIG. 27 PunctureFIG. 28 Repair MarksFIG. 29 Tear Rubber GloveF1236 168FIG. 30 TearFIG. 31 TrackingBurned Rubber SleeveFIG. 32 TrackingInsufficient Immersion DepthFIG.

43、 33 TrackingContaminated Dielectric FluidFIG. 34 Inspection Sleeve Pinch RollingF1236 169FIG. 35 Hand RollingFIG. 36 Pinch RollingFIG. 37 Inspection Between FingersFIG. 38 Inspection Between Fingers/Twirled GloveFIG. 39 Blanket RollingF1236 1610FIG. 40 Inspection Inside Line HoseFIG. 41 GraspingFIG.

44、 42 StretchingFIG. 43 TwirlingF1236 1611FIG. 44 Listening and FeelingFIG. 45 PressingFIG. 46 Rolling Sealing the EdgesFIG. 47 Rolling Trapping the AirFIG. 48 InspectionF1236 1612FIG. 49 Inspection 14 in. Glove LengthNOTE 1Glove inflated to maximum allowable degree.FIG. 50 Inflator (Glove Inflated to

45、 Maximum Allowable Degree)FIG. 51 Inflator 11 in. Glove LengthF1236 1613ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of

46、 any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments ar

47、e invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not rec

48、eived a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies)

49、of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http:/ 1614