ASTM E2523-2011 Standard Terminology for Metalworking Fluids and Operations《金属加工液抗和操作的标准术语》.pdf

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1、Designation: E2523 11An American National StandardStandard Terminology forMetalworking Fluids and Operations1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2523; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of las

2、t revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology standard provides a compilation ofASTM and non-ASTM consensus definitions of terms used inthe metalworki

3、ng industry.1.2 This terminology standard does not purport to be anexhaustive lexicon. Rather it defines terms relevant to metal-working fluid management and metalworking fluid health andsafety.1.3 This terminology standard defines primary metalwork-ing operations, fluid types and other terms german

4、e to thepractice of metalworking fluid management.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of r

5、egulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis ofAtmospheresD2881 Classification for Metal Working Fluids and RelatedMaterialsD6161 Terminology Used for Microfiltration, Ultrafiltra-tion, Nanofiltration and Reverse Os

6、mosis Membrane Pro-cessesD7049 Test Method for Metal Removal Fluid Aerosol inWorkplace AtmospheresE1302 Guide for Acute Animal Toxicity Testing of Water-Miscible Metalworking FluidsE1497 Practice for Selection and Safe Use of Water-Miscible and Straight Oil Metal Removal FluidsE1687 Test Method for

7、Determining Carcinogenic Potentialof Virgin Base Oils in Metalworking FluidsE1972 Practice for Minimizing Effects of Aerosols in theWet Metal Removal EnvironmentE2144 Practice for Personal Sampling and Analysis ofEndotoxin in Metalworking Fluid Aerosols in WorkplaceAtmospheresE2148 Guide for Using D

8、ocuments Related to Metalwork-ing or Metal Removal Fluid Health and SafetyE2169 Practice for Selecting Antimicrobial Pesticides forUse in Water-Miscible Metalworking FluidsE2275 Practice for Evaluating Water-Miscible Metalwork-ing Fluid Bioresistance and Antimicrobial Pesticide Per-formanceE2563 Tes

9、t Method for Enumeration of Non-TuberculosisMycobacteria in Aqueous Metalworking Fluids by PlateCount MethodE2564 Test Method for Enumeration of Mycobacteria inMetalworking Fluids by Direct Microscopic Counting(DMC) MethodE2657 Test Method for Determination of Endotoxin Con-centrations in Water-Misc

10、ible Metalworking FluidsE2693 Practice for Prevention of Dermatitis in the WetMetal Removal Fluid EnvironmentE2694 Test Method for Measurement of Adenosine Triph-osphate in Water-Miscible Metalworking Fluids2.2 Government Standards:329 CFR 1910.1200 Occupational Safety and Health Stan-dards, Hazard

11、Communication40 CFR 156 Labeling Requirements for Pesticides andDevices3. Significance and Use3.1 Personnel from a wide range of disciplines contribute tometalworking fluid management and plant environment healthand safety management. Consequently, terms familiar to somestakeholders will be unfamili

12、ar to others.1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E34 onOccupational Health and Safety and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeE34.50 on Health and Safety Standards for Metal Working Fluids.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2011. Published February 2011. Originallyapp

13、roved in 2006. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as E2523 - 07. DOI:10.1520/E2523-11.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Sum

14、mary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents,732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401, http:/www.access.gpo.gov.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United

15、States.3.2 This terminology standard provides, in a single docu-ment, a compilation of definitions used by personnel involvedwith both metalworking environment health and safety andfluid management.3.3 Use of terms as defined in this terminology standard willenable all stakeholders to use metalworki

16、ng industry terms inthe appropriate context, thereby improving interdisciplinarycommunications.4. Terminologyacid-fast bacteria, na distinctive staining property of My-cobacteria due to their lipid-rich cell walls.DISCUSSIONOnce stained, mycobacterium resist decolorizationwhen exposed to acidified o

17、rganic solvents, and are therefore, infor-mally designated acid-fast. E2564active ingredient (a.i.), nthe chemical or components of anantimicrobial pesticide that provides its antimicrobial per-formance. E2169, E2275acute dermal toxicity, nhealth hazards likely to arise fromshort-term exposure to a

18、substance via the skin or mucosa.E1302DISCUSSIONResults of acute dermal toxicity testing may provideinitial information on the dermal absorption and the mode of toxicaction of a substance. Moreover, some measure of irritation caused bythe fluid may be obtained by observing local tissue damage at the

19、 siteof application. Endpoint: mortality.acute inhalation toxicity, nthe potential of a fluid, vapor, orgas to cause death and other adverse health effects wheninhaled for a specified time period. E1302DISCUSSIONThe endpoint may be mortality or other specific healtheffect designated in the test prot

20、ocol.acute oral toxicity, nhealth hazards likely to arise fromshort-term exposure to a substance via the oral route(ingestion). E1302DISCUSSIONResults of acute oral toxicity tests are used to developwarning statements on labels as may be required by OSHA HazardCommunication Standard 29 CFR 1910.1200

21、 or Federal HazardousSubstances Act. These are also used to establish a dosage regimen forsubchronic and other testing. Endpoint: mortality.adenosine monophosphate (AMP), nthe molecule formedby the removal of two molecules of phosphate (one pyro-phosphate molecule) from ATP. E2694adenosine triphosph

22、ate (ATP), na molecule comprised of apurine and three phosphate groups that serves as the primaryenergy transport molecule in all biological cells. E2694aerosol, na dispersion of solid or liquid particles in agaseous medium. D1356antimicrobial pesticide, nchemical additive registered un-der 40 CFR 1

23、56, for use to inhibit growth, proliferation orboth of microorganisms. E2169, E2275DISCUSSIONAntimicrobial pesticides are registered for one or moreend-use applications, or sites, for use within an approved dose range.aseptic, adjsterile, free from viable microbial contamina-tion. E2694as supplied (

24、a.s.), adjantimicrobial pesticide finished prod-uct including the active ingredients, solvent and any addi-tional inactive ingredients. E2275bactericide, nan antimicrobial pesticide specifically or pri-marily effective against bacteria. E2169background RLU, nthe quantity of relative light unitsresul

25、ting from running the Method without incorporation ofthe sample. E2694bioburden, nthe level of microbial contamination (biomass)in a system. E2169DISCUSSIONTypically, bioburden is defined in terms of eitherbiomass or numbers of cells per unit volume or mass or surface areamaterial tested (g biomass/

26、mL; g biomass/g sample; cells/mL sample;colony forming units (CFU)/mL sample and so forth).biocide, nany chemical intended for use to kill organisms.E2169, E2275DISCUSSIONBiocide is a term usually used synonymously with thepreferred antimicrobial pesticide or microbicide.biodeterioration, nthe loss

27、of commercial value, perfor-mance characteristics or both of a product (metalworkingfluid) or material (coolant system or finished parts) throughbiological processes. E2169biofilm, na film or layer composed of microorganisms,biopolymers, water, entrained organic and inorganic debristhat forms as a r

28、esult of microbial growth, proliferation andexcretion of polymeric substances at phase interfaces(liquid-liquid, liquid-solid, liquid-gas, and so forth). (syn-onym: skinnogen layer). E2169bioluminescence, nthe production and emission of light bya living organism as the result of a chemical reaction

29、duringwhich chemical energy is converted to light energy. E2694biomass, nany matter which is or was a living organism orexcreted from a microorganism D6161bioresistant, adjability to withstand biological attack.E2169, E2275DISCUSSIONBioresistant, or recalcitrant, chemicals are not readilymetabolized

30、 by microorganisms.biostatic, adjable to prevent existing microbial contami-nants from growing or proliferating, but unable to kill them.E2169, E2275DISCUSSIONBiostatic additives may be registered antimicrobialpesticides or unregistered chemicals with other performance properties.The difference betw

31、een biocidal and biostatic performance may beattributed to dose, chemistry or both.boring, venlarging a hole that already has been drilled.DISCUSSIONGenerally boring is an operation of truing the previ-ously drilled hole with a single-point, lathe-type tool. Boring isessentially internal turning.bre

32、athing zone, nthat location in the atmosphere at whichpersons breath. D1356DISCUSSIONThe workers breathing zone consists of a hemisphere300-mm radius in front of the face and measured from a line bisectingthe ears. D7049broaching, van operation in which a cutter progressivelyenlarges a slot or hole

33、or shapes a workpiece exterior.E2523 112DISCUSSIONLow teeth start the cut, intermediate teeth remove themajority of the material and high teeth finish the task. Broaching can bea one-step operation, as opposed to milling and slotting, which requirerepeated passes. Typically, however, broaching also

34、involves multiplepasses.bubbler, na sampling device consisting of a gas dispenserimmersed in an absorbing liquid. D1356coining, va closed-die squeezing operation in which allsurfaces of the work are restrained (coined).DISCUSSIONCoining often imparts a pattern or shape onto theworkpiece. Coining als

35、o refers to a press-brake bending operation inwhich the punch bottoms against the workpiece and the die. It alsorefers to a process similar to bottoming although greater force isapplied. Coining alters the radius, and bottoming sets the bend open butdoes not affect shape.collector, na device for rem

36、oving and retaining contami-nants from air or other gases. D1356contaminant, nsubstances contained in in-use metalworkingfluids that are not part of the received fluid, such as abrasiveparticles, tramp oils, cleaners, dirt, metal fines and shavings,dissolved metal and hard water salts, bacteria, fun

37、gi andmicrobiological decay products, and waste. E1497contamination control, nmaintenance of bioburden at anoperationally defined level, at or below which the bioburdendoes not affect the fluid or system adversely. E2169control, vto prevent, eliminate or reduce hazards related tothe use of metalwork

38、ing fluids in metalworking processesand to provide appropriate supplemental, or interim protec-tion, or both, as necessary, to employees. E1497control standard endotoxin (CSE), na purified preparationof endotoxin based on the USP Reference Standard Endot-oxin (RSE); used in laboratories to prepare s

39、tandard solu-tions. E2657coolant, nany liquid used for the purpose of facilitating heatremoval from metal removal, forming or both types ofmetalworking operations.DISCUSSIONCoolants are typically classified by the general chemi-cal composition as emulsifiable oils, semi-synthetic oils, straight oils

40、 orsynthetic fluid (Classification D2881). See definitions 4.32, 4.72, 4.77and 4.78, respectively. Coolants are used primarily to cool andlubricate.culturable, adjmicroorganisms that proliferate as indicatedby the formation of colonies on solid growth media or thedevelopment of turbidity in liquid g

41、rowth media underspecific growth conditions. E2694demand, nthe sum of all factors that contribute to decreas-ing the effective concentration of antimicrobial pesticide.E2169DISCUSSIONProcesses contributing to demand include, but are notlimited to, reactions with microbes, reactions with other chemic

42、als inthe fluid, adsorption onto surfaces, absorption into materials andtemperature.dermatitis, nan inflammatory response of the skin. E1497DISCUSSIONDermatitis can result from a wide variety of sources andprocesses. The most common origins are irritant or allergic responses toa chemical or physical

43、 agent. Signs and symptoms that typify the initialonset of dermatitis include: erythema (redness); edema (swelling);pruritis (itching); and vesiculation (pimple-like eruptions). In moresevere cases, fissures (deep cracks) and ulcers (open sores) maydevelop. The condition is usually reversible when e

44、xposure to thecausative agent ceases. More severe cases may require more time andsome medical attention. Some individuals may be at higher risk.dilution ventilation, nreferring to the supply and exhaust ofair with respect to an area, room, or building, the dilution ofcontaminated air with uncontamin

45、ated air for the purpose ofcontrolling potential health hazards, fire and explosionconditions, odors, and nuisance type contaminants, fromIndustrial Ventilation: A Manual of Recommended Practice.E2693dose, nconcentration of antimicrobial pesticide added totreated solution. E2169, E2275DISCUSSIONDose

46、 is generally expressed as either ppm activeingredient (a.i.) or ppm as supplied (a.s.).drawing, vprocess by which a metal blank is forced to flowthrough a die cavity without any constraint other than againstbuckling.DISCUSSIONInternal resistance flow of the metal towards the punchand dies sets up c

47、ompressive stresses which, combined with tensilestresses created by the motion of the punch, produce two-dimensionalshear.drilling, voperation in which a rotating tool is used to createa round hole in a workpiece.DISCUSSIONDrilling is normally the first step in machining opera-tions such as boring,

48、reaming, tapping, counterboring, countersinkingand spotfacing.emergency, nany occurrence, such as, but not limited toequipment failure, rupture of containers, or failure of controlequipment that results in an uncontrolled release of asignificant amount of metalworking fluid. E1497employee exposure,

49、nthe exposure to metalworking fluidsand contaminants which would occur without corrections forprotection by any respirator or other personal protectiveequipment that is in use.emulsifiable oil, na metalworking fluid that contains 30 %petroleum, synthetic, or vegetable oil plus emulsifiers, cor-rosion inhibitors and other additives. D2881endotoxin, na lipopolysaccharide derived from the outermembrane of Gram-negative bacteria. E1497, E2144,E2657endotoxin unit (EU), na biological potency unit equivalentto the FDA Reference