ASTM E2061-2018 Standard Guide for Fire Hazard Assessment of Rail Transportation Vehicles《铁路运输车辆火灾危险性评估标准指南》.pdf

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1、Designation: E2061 15E2061 18 An American National StandardStandard Guide forFire Hazard Assessment of Rail Transportation Vehicles1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2061; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of re

2、vision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThe traditional approach to codes and standards is the specification of individual fire-test-respo

3、nserequirements for each material, component, or product that is found in a given environment and isdeemed important to maintain satisfactory levels of fire safety. This practice has been in place for solong that it gives a significant level of comfort; manufacturers know what is required to comply

4、withthe specifications and specifiers simply apply the requirements. The implicit assumptions are notstated, but they are that the use of the prescribed requirements ensures an adequate level of safety.There is no need to impose any change on those manufacturers who supply safe systems meetingexisti

5、ng prescriptive requirements; however, as new materials, components, and products aredeveloped, manufacturers, designers, and specifiers often desire the flexibility to choose how overallsafety requirements are to be met. It is the responsibility of developers of alternative approaches tostate expli

6、citly the assumptions being made which result in a design having an equivalent level ofsafety. One way to generate explicit and valid assumptions is to use a performance-based approach,based on test methods that provide data in engineering units, suitable for use in fire safety engineeringcalculatio

7、ns, as this guide provides.This fire hazard assessment guide focuses on rail transportation vehicles. Such a fire hazardassessment requires developing all crucial fire scenarios that must be considered and consideration ofthe effect of all contents and designs within the rail transportation vehicle,

8、 which will potentially affectthe resulting fire hazard. The intention of this guide is that rail transportation vehicles be designedeither by meeting all the requirements of the traditional prescriptive approach or by conducting a firehazard assessment, that needs to provide adequate margins of err

9、or, in which a level of safety isobtained that is equal to or greater than the level of safety resulting from the traditional approach.1. Scope1.1 This is a guide to developing fire hazard assessments for rail transportation vehicles. It has been written to assistprofessionals, including fire safety

10、 engineers, who wish to assess the fire safety of rail transportation vehicles, during or after theirdesign (see also 1.6). This guide is not in itself a fire hazard assessment nor does it provide acceptance criteria; thus, it cannot beused for regulation.1.2 Hazard assessment is a process that resu

11、lts in an estimate of the potential severity of the fires that can develop under definedscenarios, once defined incidents have occurred. Hazard assessment does not address the likelihood of a fire occurring. Hazardassessment is based on the premise that an ignition has occurred, consistent with a sp

12、ecified scenario, and that potential outcomesof the scenario can be reliably estimated.1.3 Consistent with 1.2, this guide provides methods to evaluate whether particular rail passenger designs provide an equal orgreater level of fire safety when compared to designs developed based on the traditiona

13、l applicable fire-test-response characteristicapproaches currently widely used in this industry. Such approaches have typically been based on prescriptive test methodologies.The following are examples of such lists of prescriptive tests: the requirements by the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA)(

14、Table X1.1), the former guidelines of the FRA, the requirements of NFPA 130 (Table X3.1), and the recommended practices ofthe Federal Transit Administration (FTA). Selective use of parts of the methodology in this guide and of individual1 This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E05 on

15、 Fire Standards and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.17 on Transportation.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2015March 1, 2018. Published December 2015May 2018. Originally approved in 2000. Last previous edition approved in 20122015 asE2061 12.E2061 15. DOI: 10.1520/E2061-15.10.1520/E2

16、061-18.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult pr

17、ior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1fire-test-response characteristics from T

18、able X1.1 (or any other set of tests) does not satisfy the fire safety objectives of this guideor of the table. This guide shall be used in its entirety to develop a fire hazard assessment for rail transportation vehicles or to aidin the design of such vehicles.1.4 This guide includes and applies ac

19、cepted and clearly defined fire safety engineering techniques and methods consistent withboth existing, traditional prescriptive codes and standards and performance based fire codes and standards under developmentthroughout the world.1.5 This guide provides recommended methods to mitigate potential

20、damage from fires in rail transportation vehicles, byassessing the comparative fire hazard of particular products, assemblies, systems or overall designs intended for use in railtransportation vehicles. Such methods could include changes to the materials, components, products, assemblies, or systems

21、involved in the construction of the rail transportation vehicle or changes in the design features of the vehicle, including the numberand location of automatically activated fire safety devices present (see 4.4.4 for further details).1.6 This guide is intended, among other things, to be of assistanc

22、e to personnel addressing issues associated with the followingareas.1.6.1 Design and specification of rail transportation vehicles.1.6.2 Fabrication of rail transportation vehicles.1.6.3 Supply of assemblies, subassemblies, and component materials, for use in rail transportation vehicles.1.6.4 Opera

23、tion of rail transportation vehicles.1.6.5 Provision of a safe environment for all occupants of a rail transportation vehicle.1.7 The techniques provided in this guide are based on specific assumptions in terms of rail transportation vehicle designs,construction and fire scenarios. These techniques

24、can be used to provide a quantitative measure of the fire hazards from a specifiedset of fire conditions, involving specific materials, products, or assemblies. Such an assessment cannot be relied upon to predictthe hazard of actual fires, which involve conditions, or vehicle designs, other than tho

25、se assumed in the analysis. In particular, thefire hazard may be affected by the anticipated use pattern of the vehicle.1.8 This guide can be used to analyze the estimated fire performance of the vehicle specified under defined specific firescenarios. Under such scenarios, incidents will begin eithe

26、r inside or outside a vehicle, and ignition sources can involve vehicleequipment as well as other sources. The fire scenarios to be used are described in detail in Section 5.3.1.8.1 Fires with more severe initiating conditions than those assumed in an analysis may pose more severe fire hazard than t

27、hatcalculated using the techniques provided in this guide. For this reason severe fire conditions must be considered as part of an arrayof fire scenarios.1.9 This fire standard cannot be used to provide quantitative measures.1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internati

28、onally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C1166 Test

29、Method for Flame Propagation of Dense and Cellular Elastomeric Gaskets and AccessoriesD123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD2724 Test Methods for Bonded, Fused, and Laminated Apparel FabricsD3574 Test Methods for Flexible Cellular MaterialsSlab, Bonded, and Molded Urethane FoamsD3675 Test Method for

30、 Surface Flammability of Flexible Cellular Materials Using a Radiant Heat Energy SourceD5424 Test Method for Smoke Obscuration of Insulating Materials Contained in Electrical or Optical Fiber Cables WhenBurning in a Vertical Cable Tray ConfigurationD5537 Test Method for Heat Release, Flame Spread, S

31、moke Obscuration, and Mass Loss Testing of Insulating MaterialsContained in Electrical or Optical Fiber Cables When Burning in a Vertical Cable Tray ConfigurationD6113 Test Method for Using a Cone Calorimeter to Determine Fire-Test-Response Characteristics of Insulating MaterialsContained in Electri

32、cal or Optical Fiber CablesE119 Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Construction and MaterialsE162 Test Method for Surface Flammability of Materials Using a Radiant Heat Energy SourceE176 Terminology of Fire StandardsE603 Guide for Room Fire ExperimentsE648 Test Method for Critical Radiant Flux

33、of Floor-Covering Systems Using a Radiant Heat Energy SourceE662 Test Method for Specific Optical Density of Smoke Generated by Solid Materials2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvol

34、ume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.E2061 182E906 Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke Release Rates for Materials and Products Using a Thermopile MethodE1321 Test Method for Determining Material Ignition and Flame Spread PropertiesE1354 Test Method fo

35、r Heat and Visible Smoke Release Rates for Materials and Products Using an Oxygen ConsumptionCalorimeterE1355 Guide for Evaluating the Predictive Capability of Deterministic Fire ModelsE1472 Guide for Documenting Computer Software for Fire Models (Withdrawn 2011)3E1474 Test Method for Determining th

36、e Heat Release Rate of Upholstered Furniture and Mattress Components or CompositesUsing a Bench Scale Oxygen Consumption CalorimeterE1537 Test Method for Fire Testing of Upholstered FurnitureE1546 Guide for Development of Fire-Hazard-Assessment StandardsE1590 Test Method for Fire Testing of Mattress

37、esE1591 Guide for Obtaining Data for Fire Growth ModelsE1623 Test Method for Determination of Fire and Thermal Parameters of Materials, Products, and Systems Using anIntermediate Scale Calorimeter (ICAL)E1740 Test Method for Determining the Heat Release Rate and Other Fire-Test-Response Characterist

38、ics of Wall Covering orCeiling Covering Composites Using a Cone CalorimeterF1534 Test Method for Determining Changes in Fire-Test-Response Characteristics of Cushioning Materials After WaterLeaching2.2 NFPA Standards:4NFPA 70 National Electrical CodeNFPA 130 Standard for Fixed Guideway Transit Syste

39、msNFPA 262 Standard Method of Test for Flame Travel and Smoke of Wires and Cables for Use in Air-Handling SpacesNFPA 265 Standard Methods of Fire Tests for Evaluating Room Fire Growth Contribution of Textile Wall CoveringsNFPA 901 Uniform Coding for Fire Protection2.3 ISO Standards:5ISO 13943 Fire S

40、afety: VocabularyISO 4880 Burning Behaviour of Textiles and Textile ProductsISO 9705 Full Scale Room Fire Test for Surface Products2.4 Federal Aviation Administration Standards:6FAR 25.1359 Federal Aviation Administration 60 Bunsen Burner Test for Electric WireFAR 25.853 (a) Federal Aviation Adminis

41、tration Vertical Bunsen Burner TestFAR 25.853 (c) Federal Aviation Administration Oil Burner Test for Seat Cushions2.5 Other Federal Standards:7Americans with Disabilities ActFED STD 191A Textile Test Method 58302.6 Underwriters Laboratories Standards:8UL 44: Standard for Safety for Thermoset-Insula

42、ted Wires and CablesUL 83: Standard for Safety for Thermoplastic-Insulated Wires and CablesUL 1581: Reference Standard for Electrical Wires, Cables, and Flexible Cords, 1080 (VW-1 (Vertical Wire) Flame Test)UL 1581: Reference Standard for Electrical Wires, Cables, and Flexible Cords, 1160 Vertical T

43、ray Flame TestUL 1685: Standard Vertical Tray Fire Propagation and Smoke Release Test for Electrical and Optical Fiber CablesUL 1975: Standard Fire Tests for Foamed Plastics Used for Decorative Purposes2.7 Canadian Standards Association Standards:9CSA Standard C22.2 No. 3, Test Methods for Electrica

44、l Wires and Cables, Vertical Flame TestCables in Cable Trays/FT42.8 Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers Standards:10IEEE Standard 383, Standard for Type Tests of Class 1E Electric Cables, Field Splices, and Connections for Nuclear PowerGenerating Stations3 The last approved version of t

45、his historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.4 Available from the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA, 022699101.5 Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1 rue de Varemb, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland

46、or American NationalStandards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.6 Available from the Federal Aviation Administration, Technical Center, Atlantic City International Airport, Atlantic City, NJ 08405.7 Available from General ServicesAdministration, SpecificationsActivity,

47、Printed Materials Supply Division, Building 197, Naval Weapons Plant, Washington, DC 20407.8 Available from Underwriters Laboratories, Inc., 333 Pfingsten Rd., Northbrook, IL 60062.9 Available from the Canadian Standards Associations, 178 Rexdale Blvd., Rexdale, Ontario, Canada M9W 1R3.10 Available

48、from the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, Inc., 345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017.E2061 1832.9 National Electrical Manufacturing Association Standards:11NEMA WC 3/ICEA S-19, Rubber-Insulated Wire and Cable for the Transmission and Distribution of Electrical EnergyICEA S-73532

49、/NEMA WC-57 Standard for Control, Thermocouple Extension, and Instrumentation CablesICEA S-95658/NEMA WC-70 Nonshielded Power Cables Rated 2000 Volts or Less for the Distribution of Electrical Energy2.10 CA Standards:12CA Technical Bulletin 129, Flammability Test Procedure for Mattresses for Use in Public BuildingsCA Technical Bulletin 133, Flammability Test Procedure for Seating Furniture for Use in Public Occupancies2.11 AATCC Standards:13Test Method 86 - 2005 Drycleaning: Durability of Applied Designs and FinishesTest Method 124 - 2006 Appearance of Fabrics after Rep