ASTM E2061-2006 Standard Guide for Fire Hazard Assessment of Rail Transportation Vehicles《铁路运输车辆着火危险评估标准指南》.pdf

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1、Designation: E 2061 06An American National StandardStandard Guide forFire Hazard Assessment of Rail Transportation Vehicles1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2061; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision,

2、 the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThe traditional approach to codes and standards is the specification of individual fire-test-responsereq

3、uirements for each material, component, or product that is found in a given environment and isdeemed important to maintain satisfactory levels of fire safety. This practice has been in place for solong that it gives a significant level of comfort; manufacturers know what is required to comply withth

4、e specifications and specifiers simply apply the requirements. The implicit assumptions are notstated, but they are that the use of the prescribed requirements ensures an adequate level of safety.There is no need to impose any change on those manufacturers who supply safe systems meetingexisting pre

5、scriptive requirements; however, as new materials, components, and products aredeveloped, manufacturers, designers, and specifiers often desire the flexibility to choose how overallsafety requirements are to be met. It is the responsibility of developers of alternative approaches tostate explicitly

6、the assumptions being made which result in a design having an equivalent level ofsafety. One way to generate explicit and valid assumptions is to use a performance-based approach,based on test methods that provide data in engineering units, suitable for use in fire safety engineeringcalculations, as

7、 this guide provides.This fire hazard assessment guide focuses on rail transportation vehicles. Such a fire hazardassessment requires developing all crucial fire scenarios that must be considered and consideration ofthe effect of all contents and designs within the rail transportation vehicle, which

8、 will potentially affectthe resulting fire hazard. The intention of this guide is that rail transportation vehicles be designedeither by meeting all the requirements of the traditional prescriptive approach or by conducting a firehazard assessment, that needs to provide adequate margins of error, in

9、 which a level of safety isobtained that is equal to or greater than the level of safety resulting from the traditional approach.1. Scope1.1 This is a guide to developing fire hazard assessments forrail transportation vehicles. It has been written to assistprofessionals, including fire safety engine

10、ers, who wish toassess the fire safety of rail transportation vehicles, during orafter their design (see also 1.6). This guide is not in itself a firehazard assessment nor does it provide acceptance criteria; thus,it cannot be used for regulation.1.2 Hazard assessment is a process that results in an

11、estimate of the potential severity of the fires that can developunder defined scenarios, once defined incidents have occurred.Hazard assessment does not address the likelihood of a fireoccurring. Hazard assessment is based on the premise that anignition has occurred, consistent with a specified scen

12、ario, andthat potential outcomes of the scenario can be reliably esti-mated.1.3 Consistent with 1.2, this guide provides methods toevaluate whether particular rail passenger designs provide anequal or greater level of fire safety when compared to designsdeveloped based on the traditional applicable

13、fire-test-responsecharacteristic approaches currently widely used in this indus-try. Such approaches have typically been based on prescriptivetest methodologies. The following are examples of such lists ofprescriptive tests: the requirements by the Federal RailroadAdministration (FRA) (Table X1.1),

14、the former guidelines ofthe FRA, the requirements of NFPA 130 (Table X3.1), and therecommended practices of the Federal Transit Administration(FTA). Selective use of parts of the methodology in this guideand of individual fire-test-response characteristics from TableX1.1 (or any other set of tests)

15、does not satisfy the fire safetyobjectives of this guide or of the table. This guide shall be usedin its entirety to develop a fire hazard assessment for railtransportation vehicles or to aid in the design of such vehicles.1.4 This guide includes and applies accepted and clearlydefined fire safety e

16、ngineering techniques and methods consis-tent with both existing, traditional prescriptive codes and1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E05 on Fire Standardsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.17 on Transportation.Current edition approved April 1, 2006. Published

17、April 2006. Originallyapproved in 2000. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as E 2061 03.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.standards and performance based fire codes and standardsunder development throughout the worl

18、d.1.5 This guide provides recommended methods to mitigatepotential damage from fires in rail transportation vehicles, byassessing the comparative fire hazard of particular products,assemblies, systems or overall designs intended for use in railtransportation vehicles. Such methods could include chan

19、ges tothe materials, components, products, assemblies, or systemsinvolved in the construction of the rail transportation vehicle orchanges in the design features of the vehicle, including thenumber and location of automatically activated fire safetydevices present (see 4.4.4 for further details).1.6

20、 This guide is intended, among other things, to be ofassistance to personnel addressing issues associated with thefollowing areas.1.6.1 Design and specification of rail transportation ve-hicles.1.6.2 Fabrication of rail transportation vehicles.1.6.3 Supply of assemblies, subassemblies, and component

21、materials, for use in rail transportation vehicles.1.6.4 Operation of rail transportation vehicles.1.6.5 Provision of a safe environment for all occupants of arail transportation vehicle.1.7 The techniques provided in this guide are based onspecific assumptions in terms of rail transportation vehicl

22、edesigns, construction and fire scenarios. These techniques canbe used to provide a quantitative measure of the fire hazardsfrom a specified set of fire conditions, involving specificmaterials, products, or assemblies. Such an assessment cannotbe relied upon to predict the hazard of actual fires, wh

23、ichinvolve conditions, or vehicle designs, other than those as-sumed in the analysis. In particular, the fire hazard may beaffected by the anticipated use pattern of the vehicle.1.8 This guide can be used to analyze the estimated fireperformance of the vehicle specified under defined specific firesc

24、enarios. Under such scenarios, incidents will begin eitherinside or outside a vehicle, and ignition sources can involvevehicle equipment as well as other sources. The fire scenariosto be used are described in detail in Section 5.3.1.8.1 Fires with more severe initiating conditions than thoseassumed

25、in an analysis may pose more severe fire hazard thanthat calculated using the techniques provided in this guide. Forthis reason severe fire conditions must be considered as part ofan array of fire scenarios.1.9 This fire standard cannot be used to provide quantitativemeasures.2. Referenced Documents

26、2.1 ASTM Standards:2C 1166 Test Method for Flame Propagation of Dense andCellular Elastomeric Gaskets and AccessoriesD 123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD 2724 Test Methods for Bonded, Fused, and LaminatedApparel FabricsD 3574 Test Methods for Flexible Cellular MaterialsSlab,Bonded, and Molded Ure

27、thane FoamsD 3675 Test Method for Surface Flammability of FlexibleCellular Materials Using a Radiant Heat Energy SourceD 5424 Test Method for Smoke Obscuration of InsulatingMaterials Contained in Electrical or Optical Fiber CablesWhen Burning in a Vertical Cable Tray ConfigurationD 5537 Test Method

28、for Heat Release, Flame Spread,Smoke Obscuration, and Mass Loss Testing of InsulatingMaterials Contained in Electrical or Optical Fiber CablesWhen Burning in a Vertical Cable Tray ConfigurationD6113 Test Method for Using a Cone Calorimeter toDetermine Fire-Test-Response Characteristics of Insulat-in

29、g Materials Contained in Electrical or Optical FiberCablesE119 Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Constructionand MaterialsE 162 Test Method for Surface Flammability of MaterialsUsing a Radiant Heat Energy SourceE 176 Terminology of Fire StandardsE 603 Guide for Room Fire ExperimentsE 648 Test

30、Method for Critical Radiant Flux of Floor-Covering Systems Using a Radiant Heat Energy SourceE 662 Test Method for Specific Optical Density of SmokeGenerated by Solid MaterialsE 906 Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke ReleaseRates for Materials and ProductsE 1321 Test Method for Determining Mater

31、ial Ignition andFlame Spread PropertiesE 1354 Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke ReleaseRates for Materials and Products Using an Oxygen Con-sumption CalorimeterE 1355 Guide for Evaluating the Predictive Capability ofDeterministic Fire ModelsE 1472 Guide for Documenting Computer Software for Fir

32、eModelsE 1474 Test Method for Determining the Heat Release Rateof Upholstered Furniture and Mattress Components orComposites Using a Bench Scale Oxygen ConsumptionCalorimeterE 1537 Test Method for Fire Testing of Upholstered Furni-tureE 1546 Guide for Development of Fire-Hazard-AssessmentStandardsE

33、1590 Test Method for Fire Testing of MattressesE 1591 Guide for Obtaining Data for Deterministic FireModelsE 1623 Test Method for Determination of Fire and ThermalParameters of Materials, Products, and Systems Using anIntermediate Scale Calorimeter (ICAL)E 1740 Test Method for Determining the Heat R

34、elease Rateand Other Fire-Test-Response Characteristics of Wallcov-ering Composites Using a Cone CalorimeterF 1534 Test Method for Determining Changes in Fire-Test-Response Characteristics of Cushioning Materials AfterWater Leaching2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org

35、, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.E20610622.2 NFPA Standards:3NFPA 70 National Electrical CodeNFPA 130 Standard for Fixed Guideway Transit SystemsNFPA 262 Standard

36、 Method of Test for Flame Travel andSmoke of Wires and Cables for Use in Air-HandlingSpacesNFPA 265 Standard Methods of Fire Tests for EvaluatingRoom Fire Growth Contribution ofTextileWall CoveringsNFPA 901 Uniform Coding for Fire Protection2.3 ISO Standards:4ISO 13943: Fire Safety: VocabularyISO 48

37、80: Burning Behaviour of Textiles and Textile Prod-uctsISO 9705: Full Scale Room Fire Test for Surface Products2.4 Federal Aviation Administration Standards:5FAR 25.1359: Federal Aviation Administration 60 BunsenBurner Test for Electric WireFAR 25.853 (a): Federal Aviation Administration VerticalBun

38、sen Burner TestFAR 25.853 (c): Federal Aviation Administration OilBurner Test for Seat Cushions2.5 Other Federal Standards:6Americans with Disabilities ActFED STD 191A Textile Test Method 58302.6 Underwriters Laboratories Standards:7UL 44: Standard for Safety for Thermoset-Insulated Wiresand CablesU

39、L 83: Standard for Safety for Thermoplastic-InsulatedWires and CablesUL 1581: Reference Standard for Electrical Wires, Cables,and Flexible Cords, 1080 (VW-1 (Vertical Wire) FlameTest)UL 1581: Reference Standard for Electrical Wires, Cables,and Flexible Cords, 1160 Vertical Tray Flame TestUL 1685: St

40、andard Vertical Tray Fire Propagation andSmoke Release Test for Electrical and Optical FiberCablesUL 1975: Standard Fire Tests for Foamed Plastics Used forDecorative Purposes2.7 Canadian Standards Association Standards:8CSA Standard C22.2 No. 3, Test Methods for ElectricalWires and Cables, Vertical

41、Flame TestCables in CableTrays/FT42.8 Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers Stan-dards:9IEEE Standard 383, Standard for Type Tests of Class 1EElectric Cables, Field Splices, and Connections forNuclear Power Generating Stations2.9 National Electrical Manufacturing Association Stan-dards:10

42、NEMAWC 3/ICEAS-19, Rubber-Insulated Wire and Cablefor the Transmission and Distribution of Electrical Energy2.10 CA Standards:11CATechnical Bulletin 129, FlammabilityTest Procedure forMattresses for Use in Public BuildingsCATechnical Bulletin 133, FlammabilityTest Procedure forSeating Furniture for

43、Use in Public Occupancies2.11 AATCC Standard:12Test Method 124 Appearance of Fabrics after RepeatedHome Laundering3. Terminology3.1 Definitions For terms related to fire used in this guide,refer to Terminology E 176 and ISO 13943. In case of conflict,the terminology in Terminology E 176 shall prevai

44、l. For termsrelating to textiles used in this guide, refer to TerminologyD 123 or to ISO 4880. In case of conflict, the terminology inTerminology D 123 shall prevail.3.1.1 fire-characteristic profile, narray of fire-test-response characteristics, all measured using tests relevant tothe same fire sce

45、nario, for a material, product, or assembly toaddress, collectively, the corresponding fire hazard.3.1.1.1 DiscussionThis array of fire-test response charac-teristics is a set of data relevant to the assessment of fire hazardin a particular fire scenario. In other words, all the fire testsused would

46、 have a demonstrated validity for the fire scenario inquestion, for example, by having comparable fire intensities.The fire-characteristic profile is intended as a collective guideto the potential fire hazard from a material, product, orassembly involved in a fire that could be represented by thelab

47、oratory test conditions.3.1.2 fire hazard, nthe potential for harm associated withfire.3.1.2.1 DiscussionA fire may pose one or more types ofhazard to people, animals, or property. These hazards areassociated with the environment and with a number of fire-test-response characteristics of materials,

48、products, or assem-blies including but not limited to ease of ignition, flame spread,rate of heat release, smoke generation and obscuration, toxicityof combustion products, and ease of extinguishment (seeTerminology E 176).3Available from the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Battery-ma

49、rch Park, Quincy, MA, 022699101.4Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1 rue deVaremb, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland orAmerican NationalStandards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.5Available from the Federal Aviation Administration, Technical Center, AtlanticCity International Airport, Atlantic City, NJ 08405.6Available from General Services Administration, Specifications Activity,Printed Materials Supply Division, Building 197, Naval Weapons Plant, Washing-ton, DC 20407.7Available from Underwrit