ASTM E1102-1991(2015) Standard Terminology Relating to Agricultural Chemical Application《有关农业化学应用的标准术语》.pdf

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1、Designation: E1102 91 (Reapproved 2015)Standard Terminology Relating toAgricultural Chemical Application1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1102; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last re

2、vision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 The purpose of this terminology standard is to establishuniformity in terms used in the field of agricultural chemicalapplica

3、tion. Terms are adopted from related fields and whereapplicable from Terminology E609.1.2 The terms are appropriate to any agricultural chemicalapplication. Units in parenthesis following a definition aremeant as typical and are not exhaustive of all units available forthe term.2. Referenced Documen

4、ts2.1 ASTM Standards:2E609 Terminology Relating to Pesticides3. TerminologyGENERAL CHEMICAL TERMS ANDCHARACTERISTIC MEASUREMENTSair flow ratethe flow rate of air, expressed in volume perrelevant unit (ft3/min, m3/s, m3/tree).application ratethe amount of any material applied per unittreated:active c

5、hemical ratethe amount of active ingredient (a.i.)applied per unit treated, expressed in terms of mass perrelevant unit treated. (For area treatment, kg a.i./ha, lb a.i./A,or oz a.i./1000 ft. of row; for space application, mg a.i./m3,or oz a.i./1000 ft3; for individual units, kg a.i./plant oranimal)

6、.formulation ratethe amount of chemical formulation appliedper unit treated, expressed in terms of mass or volume perrelevant unit treated. (For area treatment, kg/ha, lb/A, oroz/1000 ft of row; for space application, mg/m3, or oz/1000ft3; for individual units, kg/plant or animal).spray ratethe amou

7、nt of spray liquid emitted by an applica-tion unit during treatment, expressed in volume per unittreated. (For area treatment, L/ha, or gal/A; for spacetreatment, mL/m3, or oz/1000 ft3; for individual units,L/plant, mL/animal, or gal/tree).concentrationamount of the active ingredient contained inthe

8、 chemical formulation expressed as a percent or mass perrelevant unit basis.cumulative droplet diameter (Dv.1andDv.9)diameter ofdrop such that 10 % and 90 %, respectively, of the liquidvolume is in drops of smaller diameter.deposit ratethe amount of any material deposited per unitarea.active chemica

9、l deposit ratethe amount of active ingredientdeposited per unit area.formulation deposit ratethe amount of formulation depositedper unit area.spray deposit ratethe amount of spray liquid deposited perunit area. Mean deposit rate is the average amount of depositover the entire spray swath. Effective

10、spray deposit rate isthe mean deposit from center to center of adjoining swaths.diluenta gas, liquid, or solid used to reduce the concentra-tion of an active ingredient in the formulation or applicationof a pesticide (see Terminology E609).driftthe movement of chemicals outside the intended targetby

11、 air mass transport or diffusion.airborne driftthe dispersion of chemical particles to theatmosphere outside the intended target.particle drift depositsthe deposition of chemical particlesoutside the intended target.vapor driftthe dispersion of vaporized chemical to theatmosphere and areas surroundi

12、ng the target area during andfollowing application.formulationthe form in which a chemical is offered to theuser.1These terminologies are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E35 onPesticides, Antimicrobials, and Alternative Control Agents and is the directresponsibility of Subcommittee E35.22 o

13、n Pesticide Formulations and DeliverySystems.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2015. Published November 2015. Originallyapproved in 1986. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as E1102 91(2009).DOI: 10.1520/E1102-91R15.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact A

14、STM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1mean droplet diameter (Dpq)i

15、s represented by the follow-ing:Dpqp2q!5(Dip(Diq(1)where:Di= the diameter of the ithparticle,Dio= the total number of drops in the sample. Thus:D10= length mean diameter,D20= area mean diameter,D30= volume mean diameter,D31= volume/length mean diameter (mean evaporativediameter),D32= SAUTER mean dia

16、meter, andD43= DeBROUKERE or HERDAN mean diameter.median droplet diameter (Dxf)For cumulative distributions,Dxf, where x is V, A, L,orN, are diameters such that thefraction (f) of the total of volume, surface area, length ofdiameter, or number of drops respectively, is in drops ofsmaller diameter.Th

17、us:DV.5= volume median diameter,DA.5= area median diameter,DL.5= length median diameter, andDN.5= number median diameter.Also, DV.1and DV.9= diameter of drop such that 10 % and90 % respectively, of the liquid volume is in drops of smallerdiameter.percent nozzle pattern overlapcalculated by subtracti

18、ngthe nozzle spacing from the single nozzle pattern width andthen dividing by the nozzle spacing and multiplying theresult by one hundred.spray classificationclassification of sprays by droplet size.aerosolsdistribution of droplets with DV.5 50 m.mistsdistribution of droplets with 50 m 1200 m.spraye

19、d width per nozzlethe effective width sprayed by asingle nozzle. (For broadcast spraying it is the nozzlespacing; for band spraying it is the band width, for row cropspraying it is the number of nozzles per row divided by therow width).swath, effective widththe center to center distance betweenoverl

20、apping broadcast applications.TYPES OF APPLICATIONSband applicationan application of a pesticide to a continu-ous restricted area such as in or along a crop row rather thanover the entire field area (see Terminology E609).basal applicationapplication of a chemical to the base of aplant.baseboard app

21、licationapplication to a building on thelower portion of the inside walls.broadcast applicationan application of a material over theentire area of a field.crack and crevice applicationapplication by a means thatprojects the material into cracks and crevices of a structure.dip applicationapplication

22、by direct immersion.directed applicationan application to a restricted area suchas a row, bed, or at the base of plants (see Definitions).foliar applicationapplication of a chemical to the stems,fruit, leaves, needles, or blades of a plant.pour-on applicationapplication by pouring a chemical ontothe

23、 target.run-off applicationapplication of a liquid material usingsufficient volume such that it begins to drip from the target.soil injectionthe mechanical placement of a pesticide be-neath the soil surface with a minimum disturbance of the soil(see Terminology E609).space applicationdispersion of l

24、iquid, gas, or dry particlesin an air space in such a manner that target pests are exposedto the chemical.spot treatmentapplication of a chemical to a small restrictedarea, usually to control the spread of a pest.APPLICATION APPARATUSaerosol generatorany mechanical or thermal device thatproduces a l

25、iquid dispersion having a volume median lessthan 50 m.air carrier sprayeran apparatus consisting of a pressuresource and controls for the spray liquid and a blower withsuitable ducts to produce an air jet in which spray nozzles arelocated. Air from the blower carries the spray for a distancefor depo

26、sition on the target being treated.boom sprayera sprayer apparatus consisting of a pressuresource and controls, and employing a boom (vertical orhotizontal) with atomizers (hydraulic, rotary, or other) ar-ranged to provide uniform coverage of the treated surfaces.bucket pump sprayera sprayer apparat

27、us consisting of amanually operated pump that may be held or mounted in abucket containing the spray solution. The pump is connectedto an atomizing device that forms and distributes the pressed air sprayera spraying apparatus that uses airpressure to move liquid from a container through an atom-izin

28、g device.granular applicatoran apparatus consisting of a hopper, ametering device, and a device for spreading or placing thegranules in the target area.E1102 91 (2015)2high-clearance sprayeran apparatus consisting of the com-ponents of a boom sprayer mounted on a self-propelledvehicle whose frame is

29、 constructed to permit the vehicle topass over plants with minimum damage.hose end sprayeran apparatus designed to be attached tostandard garden hose, consisting of a hand-held container forspray mixture with an integral metering head through whichwater from the garden hose flows. The metering head

30、useswater pressure, siphon effect, or some other water poweredmeans to meter the spray mixture into the water streamwhich is then atomized.knapsack sprayera sprayer apparatus, carried on the opera-tors back, consisting of a spray solution tank, pressuresource, and an atomizing device that forms and

31、distributesthe spray. Spray pressure is supplied by a lever operatedmanual or engine powered pumps or a compressed air tank.Some knapsack sprayers have air carrier blowers to distrib-ute the spray.slide pump sprayera sprayer consisting of a telescopingpump operated by both hands. On the outlet end o

32、f the pumpis mounted a spray nozzle. On the inlet of the pump isattached a line leading to a container containing the spraysolution.sprayer attachmentan apparatus consisting of the indi-vidual components of a sprayer (tank, pressure source,pressure controls, spray liquid lines, pressure nozzles, etc

33、.)in an arrangement to permit its mounting on another imple-ment to permit application of spray at the same time anotherfield operation is performed.thermal vaporizeran apparatus consisting of a container forchemical and a heater to maintain the vessel at a temperaturesufficiently high to accelerate

34、 evaporation of the pesticide.The apparatus may contain a blower to disperse the pesticidevapor into a treated area or may rely upon natural turbulentdiffusion for dispersion.wheelbarrow sprayera sprayer apparatus mounted on aframe with wheelbarrow-type handles and one or twowheels.ASTM Internationa

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38、at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http:/ 91 (2015)3