ASTM E1030-2005 Standard Test Method for Radiographic Examination of Metallic Castings《金属铸件的X射线照相检验的标准试验方法》.pdf

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1、Designation: E 1030 05Standard Test Method forRadiographic Examination of Metallic Castings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1030; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A nu

2、mber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method2provides a uniform procedure forradiographic examination of metallic castings using radio-graphic film as the recording

3、 medium.1.2 Due to the many complex geometries and part configu-rations inherent with cast products, it is necessary to recognizepotential limitations associated with obtaining complete radio-graphic coverage on castings. Radiography of areas wheregeometry or part configuration does not allow achiev

4、ement ofcomplete coverage with practical radiographic methods shallbe subject to mutual agreements between purchaser andsupplier. The use of alternative nondestructive methods forareas that are not conducive to practical radiography shall alsobe specifically agreed upon between purchaser and supplie

5、r.1.3 The radiographic method is highly sensitive to volumet-ric discontinuities that displace a detectable volume of castmaterial. Discontinuities that do not displace an appreciablevolume of material, however, such as cracks or other planar-type indications, may not be detected with radiography un

6、lessthe radiation beam is coincidentally aligned with the planarorientation of the discontinuity. In view of this limitation, itmay be considered appropriate to use the radiographic methodin conjunction with additional nondestructive methods thatmaintain reliable detection capabilities for these typ

7、es ofdiscontinuities. The use of additional methods shall be specifi-cally agreed upon between the purchaser and supplier.1.4 The radiographic techniques stated herein provide ad-equate assurance for defect detectability; however, it is recog-nized that, for special applications, specific techniques

8、 usingmore or less stringent requirements may be required than thosespecified. In these cases, the use of alternate radiographictechniques shall be as agreed upon between purchaser andsupplier (also see Section 5).1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard.1.6 This stand

9、ard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 AS

10、TM Standards:3E94 Guide for Radiographic ExaminationE 155 Reference Radiographs for Inspection of Aluminumand Magnesium CastingsE 186 Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (2 to 412-in. 51 to 114-mm) Steel CastingsE 192 Reference Radiographs of Investment Steel Castingsfor Aerospace ApplicationsE 2

11、72 Reference Radiographs for High-Strength Copper-Base and Nickel-Copper Alloy CastingsE 280 Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (412 to12-in. 114 to 305-mm) Steel CastingsE 310 Reference Radiographs for Tin Bronze CastingsE 446 Reference Radiographs for Steel Castings Up to 2 in.51 mm in Thickne

12、ssE 505 Reference Radiographs for Inspection of Aluminumand Magnesium Die CastingsE 543 Practice for Agencies Performing NondestructiveTestingE 689 Reference Radiographs for Ductile Iron CastingsE 747 Practice for Design, Manufacture and MaterialGrouping Classification of Wire Image Quality Indicato

13、rs(IQI) Used for RadiologyE 802 Reference Radiographs for Gray Iron Castings Up to412 in. 114 mm in ThicknessE 999 Guide for Controlling the Quality of Industrial Ra-diographic Film ProcessingE 1025 Practice for Design, Manufacture, and MaterialGrouping Classification of Hole-Type Image Quality Indi

14、-cators (IQI) Used for RadiologyE 1079 Practice for Calibration of Transmission Densitom-etersE 1254 Guide for Storage of Radiographs and UnexposedIndustrial Radiographic Films1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 onNondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility

15、of Subcommittee E07.01 onRadiology (X and Gamma) Method.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2005. Published February 2006. Originallyapproved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as E 1030 - 00.2For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related TestMethod SE-1030 in Section I

16、I of that Code.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor

17、 Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.E 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive TestingE 1320 Reference Radiographs for Titanium CastingsE 1815 Test Method for Classification of Film Systems forIndustrial Radiography2.2 ASNT/ANSI Standards:SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice fo

18、r Personnel Qualifi-cation and Certification in Nondestructive Testing4CP-189 Qualification and Certification of NondestructiveTesting Personnel42.3 Other Standards:NAS 410 National Aerospace Standard Certification andQualification of Nondestructive Test Personnel5CEN 444 Non-Destructive Testing-Gen

19、eral Principles forRadiographic Examination of Metallic Materials by X-andGamma-raysISO 5579 Non-Destructive Testing-Radiographic Examina-tion of Metallic Materials by X-and Gamma-raysBasicRules3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this testmethod, see Terminology E 1316.4. S

20、ignificance and Use4.1 The requirements expressed in this test method areintended to control the quality of the radiographic images, toproduce satisfactory and consistent results, and are not in-tended for controlling the acceptability or quality of materialsor products.5. Basis of Application5.1 Th

21、e following items shall be agreed upon by thepurchaser and supplier:5.1.1 Nondestructive Testing Agency EvaluationIf speci-fied in the contractual agreement, nondestructive testing (NDT)agencies shall be qualified and evaluated in accordance withPractice E 543. The applicable version of Practice E 5

22、43 shallbe specified in the contractual agreement.5.1.2 Personnel QualificationNDT personnel shall bequalified in accordance with a nationally recognized NDTpersonnel qualification practice or standard such as ANSI/ASNT CP-189, SNT-TC-1A, NAS 410, or a similar document.The practice or standard used

23、and its applicable revision shallbe specified in the contractual agreement between the usingparties.5.1.3 ApparatusGeneral requirements (see 6.1 through6.9) shall be specified.5.1.4 RequirementsGeneral requirements (see 8.1, 8.2,8.5, and 8.7.4) shall be specified.5.1.5 Procedure Requirements (see 9.

24、1, 9.1.1, 9.3, 9.7.4, and9.7.7) shall be specified.5.1.6 RecordsRecord retention (see 12.1) shall be speci-fied.6. Apparatus6.1 Radiation Sources:6.1.1 X Radiation SourcesSelection of appropriate X-rayvoltage and current levels is dependent upon variables regard-ing the specimen being examined (mate

25、rial type and thickness)and economically permissible exposure time. The suitability ofthese X-ray parameters shall be demonstrated by attainment ofrequired penetrameter (IQI) sensitivity and compliance with allother requirements stipulated herein. Guide E94 containsprovisions concerning exposure cal

26、culations and charts for theuse of X-ray sources.6.1.2 Gamma Radiation SourcesIsotope sources, whenused, shall be capable of demonstrating the required radio-graphic sensitivity.6.2 Film Holders and CassettesFilm holders and cassettesshall be light-tight and shall be handled properly to reduce theli

27、kelihood that they may be damaged. They may be flexiblevinyl, plastic, or any durable material; or, they may be madefrom metallic materials. In the event that light leaks into thefilm holder and produces images on the film extending into thearea of interest, the film shall be rejected. If the film h

28、olderexhibits light leaks, it shall be repaired before reuse ordiscarded. Film holders and cassettes should be routinelyexamined to minimize the likelihood of light leaks.6.3 Intensifying Screens:6.3.1 Lead-Foil Screens:6.3.1.1 Intensifying screens of the lead-foil type are gener-ally used for all p

29、roduction radiography. Lead-foil screens shallbe of the same approximate area dimensions as the film beingused and they shall be in direct contact with the film duringexposure.6.3.1.2 Unless otherwise specified in the purchaser-supplieragreement or within the footnotes below Table 1, the lead foilsc

30、reens in this table shall be used.6.3.1.3 Sheet lead, with or without backing, used for screensshould be visually examined for dust, dirt, oxidation, crackingor creasing, foreign material or other condition that couldrender undesirable nonrelevant images on the film.6.3.2 Fluorescent, Fluorometallic

31、, or Other MetallicScreens:6.3.2.1 Fluorescent, fluorometallic, or other metallic screensmay be used. However, they must be capable of demonstratingthe required penetrameter (IQI) sensitivity. Fluorescent orfluorometallic screens may cause limitations in image quality(see Test Method E94, Appendix X

32、1.)6.3.2.2 Screen CareAll screens should be handled care-fully to avoid dents, scratches, grease, or dirt on activesurfaces. Screens that render false indications on radiographsshall be discarded or reworked to eliminate the artifact.6.3.3 Other ScreensEuropean Standard CEN 444 con-tains similar pro

33、visions for intensifying screens as this testmethod. International users of these type screens who preferthe use of CEN 444 or ISO 5579 for their particular applica-tions should specify such alternate provisions within separatecontractual arrangements from this test method.6.4 FiltersFilters shall b

34、e used whenever the contrastreductions caused by low-energy scattered radiation or theextent of undercut and edge burn-off occurring on production4Available from the American Society for Nondestructive Testing, (ASNT),1711 Arlingate Plaza, P.O. Box 28518, Columbus, OH 43228.5Available from Aerospace

35、 Industries Association of America, Inc., 1250 EyeStreet NW, Washington, DC 20005.E1030052radiographs is of significant magnitude so as to cause failure tomeet the quality level or radiographic coverage requirementsstipulated by the job order or contract (see Guide E94).6.5 MaskingMasking material m

36、ay be used, as necessary,to help reduce image degradation due to undercutting (seeGuide E94).6.6 Penetrameters (IQI)Unless otherwise specified by theapplicable job order or contract, only those penetrameters thatcomply with the design and identification requirements speci-fied in Practice E 747 or P

37、ractice E 1025 shall be used.6.7 Shims and Separate BlocksShims or separate blocksmade of the same or radiographically similar materials (asdefined in Method E 1025) may be used to facilitate penetram-eter positioning. There is no restriction on shim or separateblock thickness provided the penetrame

38、ter and area-of-interestdensity tolerance requirements of 9.7.6.2 are met.6.8 Radiographic Location and Identification MarkersLead numbers and letters are used to designate the part numberand location number. The size and thickness of the markersshall depend on the ability of the radiographic techni

39、que toimage the markers on the radiograph. As a general rule,markers116-in. 1.58-mm thick will suffice for most low-energy (less than 1 MeV) X-ray and Iridium-192 radiography;for higher-energy radiography it may be necessary to usemarkers that are18-in. 3.17-mm or more thick.6.9 Radiographic Density

40、 Measurement ApparatusEithera transmission densitometer or a step-wedge comparison filmshall be used for judging film density requirements. Stepwedge comparison films or densitometer calibration, or both,shall be verified by comparison with a calibrated step-wedgefilm traceable to the National Insti

41、tute of Standards andTechnology. Densitometers shall be calibrated in accordancewith Practice E 1079.7. Reagents and Materials7.1 Film SystemsOnly film systems having cognizantengineering organization (CEO) approval or meeting the re-quirements of Test Method E 1815 shall be used to meet therequirem

42、ents of this test method.8. Requirements8.1 Procedure RequirementUnless otherwise specified bythe applicable job order or contract, radiographic examinationshall be performed in accordance with a written procedure.Specific requirements regarding the preparation and approvalof written procedures shal

43、l be dictated by a purchaser andsupplier agreement. The procedure details should include atleast those items stipulated in Appendix X1. In addition, aradiographic standard shooting sketch (RSS), Fig. X1.1, shallbe prepared similar to that shown in Appendix X1 and shall beavailable for review during

44、interpretation of the film.8.2 Radiographic CoverageUnless otherwise specified bya purchaser and supplier agreement, the extent of radiographiccoverage shall be the maximum practical volume of thecasting. Areas that require radiography shall be designated asillustrated in Figs. X1.2 and X1.3 of Appe

45、ndix X1. When theshape or configuration of the casting is such that radiography isimpractical, these areas shall be so designated on drawings orsketches that accompany the radiographs. Examples of castinggeometries and configurations that may be considered imprac-tical to radiograph are illustrated

46、in Appendix X2.8.3 Radiographic Film QualityAll radiographs shall befree of mechanical, chemical, handling-related, or other blem-ishes which could mask or be confused with the image of anydiscontinuity in the area of interest on the radiograph. If anydoubt exists as to the true nature of an indicat

47、ion exhibited bythe film, the radiograph shall be retaken or rejected.8.4 Radiographic Quality LevelThe applicable job orderor contract shall dictate the requirements for radiographicquality level. (See Practice E 1025 or Practice E 747 forguidance in selection of quality level.)8.5 Acceptance Level

48、Radiographic acceptance levels andassociated severity levels shall be stipulated by the applicablecontract, job order, drawing, or other purchaser and supplieragreement.8.6 Radiographic Density LimitationsRadiographic den-sity in the area of interest shall be within 1.5 to 4.0 for eithersingle or su

49、perimposed viewing.8.7 Film Handling:8.7.1 Darkroom FacilitiesDarkroom facilities should bekept clean and as dust-free as practical. Safelights should bethose recommended by film manufacturers for the radiographicmaterials used and should be positioned in accordance with themanufacturers recommendations. All darkroom equipmentand materials should be capable of producing radiographs thatare suitable for interpretation.TABLE 1 Lead Foil ScreenskeV Range Front ScreenABack Screen Minimum0 to 150 keVB0.000 to 0.001 in. 0 to 0.025 mm 0.005 in. 0.127