ASTM E300-2003(2017) 6875 Standard Practice for Sampling Industrial Chemicals《化工原料取样的标准实施规程》.pdf

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1、Designation: E300 03 (Reapproved 2017)Standard Practice forSampling Industrial Chemicals1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E300; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number

2、in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers procedures for sampling severalclas

3、ses of industrial chemicals. It also includes recommenda-tions for determining the number and location of such samples,to ensure their being representative of the lot in accordancewith accepted probability sampling principles.1.2 Although this practice describes specific procedures forsampling vario

4、us liquids, solids, and slurries, in bulk or inpackages, these recommendations only outline the principles tobe observed. They should not take precedence over specificsampling instructions contained in other ASTM product ormethod standards.1.3 These procedures are covered as follows:SectionsStatisti

5、cal Considerations 711Simple Liquids 1227Solids 2835Slurries 36411.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the appl

6、ica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau-tionary statements are given in Sections 6, 19, 20, 30, 34 and37.1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles fo

7、r theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D270 Methods of Sampling Petroleum and Petroleum Prod-ucts (Withdrawn 1984)3D2234/D2234M Practice for

8、Collection of a Gross Sampleof CoalE180 Practice for Determining the Precision of ASTMMethods for Analysis and Testing of Industrial and Spe-cialty Chemicals (Withdrawn 2009)33. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 simple liquida single-phase liquid having a Reidvapor pressure of less than 110 kPa at 37

9、.8C (16 psi at 100F)and a Saybolt viscosity of less than 10 000 s (2160 cSt) at25C.3.1.2 lota discreet quantity of material. It may contain asingle batch or several batches, or be the product of continuousprocess broken into units on the basis of time or shipment. It isvery desirable that individual

10、 batches in a lot be specificallyidentified so that they may become individual or stratified unitsfor inspection.3.1.3 average sampleone that consists of proportionateparts from all sections of the container.3.1.4 spot samplea sample taken at a specific location in atank or from a flowing stream in

11、a pipe at a specific time.3.1.5 composite samplea blend of spot samples mixed inproportion to the volumes of material from which the spotsamples were obtained.3.1.6 all-levels sampleone obtained by submerging aclosed sampler to a point as near as possible to the draw-off1This practice is under the j

12、urisdiction of ASTM Committee D16 on Aromatic,Industrial, Specialty and Related Chemicals and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D16.15 on Industrial and Specialty General Standards.Current edition approved June 15, 2017. Published June 2017. Originallyapproved in 1966. Last previous editio

13、n approved in 2009 as E300 03 (2009).DOI: 10.1520/E0300-03R17.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website

14、.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on

15、standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1level, then opening the sampler and raising it at a rate such thatit is about three

16、fourths full as it emerges from the liquid. Anall-levels sample is not necessarily an average sample becausethe tank volume may not be proportional to the depth andbecause the operator may not be able to raise the sampler at thevariable rate required for proportionate filling. The rate offilling is

17、proportional to the square root of the depth ofimmersion.NOTE 1The tube sampling procedure, 26.3, may be used to obtain anall-levels sample from a drum.3.1.7 upper samplea spot sample obtained from themiddle of the upper third of the tank contents (Fig. 1).NOTE 2The taking of samples from various le

18、vels of the tank permitsthe detection of variation in composition of the contents caused bystratification. If it is known that the contents are not subject to thisvariation, the taking of samples at multiple levels may be eliminated.3.1.8 middle samplea spot sample obtained from themiddle of the tan

19、k contents (Fig. 1)(Note 2).3.1.9 lower samplea spot sample of liquid from themiddle of the lower one-third of the tanks content (a distanceof one-half of the depth of liquid below the liquids surface)(Fig. 1).3.1.10 single-tank composite samplea blend of the upper,middle, and lower samples. For a t

20、ank of uniform cross section,such as an upright cylindrical tank, the blend consists of equalparts of the three samples. For a horizontal cylindrical tank, theblend consists of the three samples in the proportions shown inTable 1.3.1.11 compartment-tank composite sample (ship, barge,etc.)a blend of

21、individual all-levels samples from eachcompartment, which contains the product being sampled, inproportion to the volume of material in each compartment.3.1.12 top samplea spot sample normally obtained 150mm (6 in.) below the top surface of the tank contents (Fig. 1).3.1.13 outlet samplea spot sampl

22、e normally obtained withthe inlet opening of the sample apparatus at the level of thebottom of the tank outlet (either fixed or a swing line outlet)(Fig. 1).3.1.14 continuous samplea spot sample obtained from apipeline conveying the product in such a manner as to give arepresentative average of the

23、stream throughout the period oftransit.3.1.15 jar samplea spot sample obtained by placing a jarinto the path of a free-flowing stream so as to collect a definitevolume from the full cross section of the stream.3.1.16 mixed samplea spot sample obtained after mixingor vigorously stirring the contents

24、of the original container, andthen pouring out or drawing off the quantity desired.3.1.17 tube or thief samplea spot sample obtained with asampling tube or special thief, either as a core sample or spotsample from the specified point in the container.3.1.18 drain samplea spot sample obtained from th

25、edraw-off or discharge valve. Occasionally, a drain sample maybe the same as a bottom sample, as in the case of a tank car.3.1.19 bottom samplea spot sample obtained from thematerial on the bottom surface of the tank, container, or line atits lowest point (Fig. 1). (Drain and bottom samples are usua

26、llytaken to check for water, sludge, scale, etc.).3.1.20 laboratory samplethat portion of the sample whichis sent for laboratory testing.4. Summary of Practice4.1 This practice describes procedures to be followed forobtaining samples of several classes of industrial chemicals. Itaddresses in detail

27、the various factors which need to beconsidered to obtain a representative laboratory sample. Thispractice also covers the statistical considerations in sampling ofindustrial chemicals whether they are liquids, solids or slurriesin bulk or in packages.5. Significance and Use5.1 Representative samples

28、 of industrial chemicals are re-quired for the determination of chemical and physical proper-ties which are used to establish standard volumes, prices, andcompliance with commercial and regulatory specifications.FIG. 1 Sampling DepthsTABLE 1 Sampling Instructions for Horizontal Cylindrical TanksLiqu

29、id Depth,Percent ofDiameterSampling Level, Percent ofDiameter Above BottomComposite SampleProportionate Parts ofUpper Middle Lower Upper Middle Lower100 80 50 20 3 4 390 75 50 20 3 4 380 70 50 20 2 5 370 . 50 20 1 5 460 . 50 20 . 5 550 . 40 20 . 4 640 . . 20 . . 1030 . . 15 . . 1020 . . 10 . . 1010

30、. . 5 . . 10E300 03 (2017)25.2 The objective of sampling is to obtain a small portion(spot sample) of material from a selected area within acontainer which is representative of the material in the area or,in the case of running or all-level samples, a sample whosecomposition is representative of the

31、 total material in thecontainer. A series of spot samples may be combined to createa representative sample.5.3 Manual and Automatic Sampling ConsiderationsTheselection of manual or automatic sampling devices is part ofestablishing a sampling plan applied under all conditionswithin the scope of this

32、practice provided that the propersampling procedures are followed. Both types of sampling arecommonly used for liquid, solid, and slurry sampling andrequire adherence to the following:5.3.1 An adequate frequency of sampling must be selected.5.3.2 The equipment to support manual or automatic sam-plin

33、g systems may be obtained commercially, fabricated fromthe designs presented in this practice, or constructed as neededto satisfy process design or other specific requirements.5.3.3 The sampling equipment must be maintained on aregular basis, and the sampling plan adopted must be strictlyfollowed.6.

34、 Safety Precautions6.1 This practice covers procedures and sampling equip-ment used to sample industrial chemicals that may be poten-tially hazardous to personnel or the environment. Accordingly,it is emphasized that all applicable safety rules, regulations,and procedures must be followed in handlin

35、g and processingthe chemicals. Furthermore, this practice does not purport tocover all safety aspects associated with sampling. However, itis presumed that the personnel performing sampling operationsare adequately trained with regard to safe application of theprocedures contained herein for the spe

36、cific sampling situation.6.2 The characteristics of the material to be sampled willgovern the type of protective equipment required. Sincesampling may present such hazards as splashing or spilling,protective clothing must be worn when the chemical is capableof producing eye or skin irritation or bur

37、ns. During suchpotential exposures, chemical-type goggles or face shield andprotective gloves, or combination thereof, must be worn.6.3 Respiratory protection, where required, must be in goodcondition and must be suitable to protect against chemicalsbeing handled.6.4 When sampling chemicals that may

38、 be dangerous to lifeby skin absorption, oral ingestion, or by breathing the vapor,unusual precautions will be indicated. In such cases, full-bodyprotection such as supplied by a gas-tight or one-piece air-supplied suit should be worn. A second person must becontinuously present to summon help and r

39、ender aid in theevent of an emergency.STATISTICAL CONSIDERATIONS47. Objectives7.1 The sampling and testing of industrial chemicals mayhave one or more of the following objectives:7.1.1 The objective may be to estimate the average qualitycharacteristic of a given lot of material and to establishconfi

40、dence limits for this average. This would be the mainobjective, for example, if a dollar value is to be placed on thematerial for customs purposes or for sale.7.1.2 The objective may be to decide whether the averagevalue for the lot meets a specification. This calls for anacceptance sampling plan wi

41、th the criterion being related to theestimated mean of the lot.7.1.3 The objective may be to estimate or make decisionsabout the variability of a quality characteristic within the lot.7.1.4 The objective may be to obtain simultaneous estimatesof the mean and variance or to make decisions about some

42、jointcombination of these estimates.7.1.5 If the material comes in containers or can be viewed ascoming in clearly demarked units, the objective may be that ofestimating the number of such units outside of specifications,that is, the “fraction defective.”NOTE 3Procedures are given below for estimati

43、ng average quality andfor applying acceptance sampling inspection based on the lot mean.8. General Sampling Considerations8.1 To obtain samples that are representative in a statisticalsense, one must consider such factors as physical form,uniformity, type and number of containers, etc. All of thesef

44、actors influence the choice of method for performing thesampling operation, as well as the number and location of therequired samples. Two commonly used practices for selectingthe sequence or location of the individual samples are de-scribed.8.2 Random Sampling is achieved when every part of the lot

45、has an equal chance of being drawn into the sample.8.2.1 Designate all units in the lot, choosing numbers insequence or other serial code so that sampling by randomnumbers can be employed.8.2.2 Preferably, this sequence should be in direct relation toorder of manufacture of packaging as an aid to ob

46、serving, fromthe sample results, any evidence of stratification.8.2.3 Random selection of the numbers should be accom-plished by chance or preferably by the use of a table of randomnumbers.8.3 Stratified Sampling can be employed to estimate averagequality when it is known or suspected that the value

47、 of aproperty of the material varies in non-random fashion through-out the lot for the following typical reasons: (a) the lot may4Prepared by an Ad Hoc Committee of ASTM Committee E11 on StatisticalMethods.E300 03 (2017)3contain several production batches, (b) the lot may containunits produced by di

48、fferent procedures, equipment, shifts, etc.,or (c) the lot may be non-uniform because of subsequent sizesegregation, moisture pickup, surface oxidation, etc. If theassumed pattern is correct, the variance of the population meanestimate will be less than that based on random sampling. If theassumptio

49、ns are incorrect, the estimate of the mean may bebiased. A stratified sample can be obtained as follows:8.3.1 Based on the known or suspected pattern, divide thelot into a number of real or imaginary strata.8.3.2 If these sections are not equal in size, the number ofsamples to be taken from each stratum must be proportional tothe size of the various strata.8.3.3 Further subdivide the major strata into real or imagi-nary subsections and select the required number of samples bychance or preferably by means of a table of random numbers.9. Estimate of