ASTM E18-2017e1 3125 Standard Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness of Metallic Materials《金属材料洛氏硬度的标准试验方法》.pdf

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1、Designation: E18 171An American National StandardStandard Test Methods forRockwell Hardness of Metallic Materials1,2This standard is issued under the fixed designation E18; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of originaladoption or, in the case of revision, the year o

2、f last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscriptepsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1NOTEA2.8.1.8 was editorially corrected in Aug

3、ust 2017.1. Scope*1.1 These test methods cover the determination of theRockwell hardness and the Rockwell superficial hardness ofmetallic materials by the Rockwell indentation hardness prin-ciple. This standard provides the requirements for Rockwellhardness machines and the procedures for performing

4、 Rock-well hardness tests.1.2 This standard includes additional requirements in an-nexes:Verification of Rockwell Hardness Testing Machines Annex A1Rockwell Hardness Standardizing Machines Annex A2Standardization of Rockwell Indenters Annex A3Standardization of Rockwell Hardness Test Blocks Annex A4

5、Guidelines for Determining the Minimum Thickness of aTest PieceAnnex A5Hardness Value Corrections When Testing on ConvexCylindrical SurfacesAnnex A61.3 This standard includes nonmandatory information inappendixes which relates to the Rockwell hardness test.List of ASTM Standards Giving Hardness Valu

6、esCorrespondingto Tensile StrengthAppendix X1Examples of Procedures for Determining RockwellHardness UncertaintyAppendix X21.4 UnitsAt the time the Rockwell hardness test wasdeveloped, the force levels were specified in units ofkilograms-force (kgf) and the indenter ball diameters werespecified in u

7、nits of inches (in.). This standard specifies theunits of force and length in the International System of Units(SI); that is, force in Newtons (N) and length in millimeters(mm). However, because of the historical precedent andcontinued common usage, force values in kgf units and balldiameters in inc

8、h units are provided for information and muchof the discussion in this standard refers to these units.1.5 The test principles, testing procedures, and verificationprocedures are essentially identical for both the Rockwell andRockwell superficial hardness tests. The significant differencesbetween the

9、 two tests are that the test forces are smaller for theRockwell superficial test than for the Rockwell test. The sametype and size indenters may be used for either test, dependingon the scale being employed. Accordingly, throughout thisstandard, the term Rockwell will imply both Rockwell andRockwell

10、 superficial unless stated otherwise.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory lim

11、itations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organizatio

12、n TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3A370 Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testingof Steel ProductsA623 Specification for Tin Mill Products, General Require-mentsA623M Specification for Tin Mill Products, General Re-quirements MetricB19 S

13、pecification for Cartridge Brass Sheet, Strip, Plate,Bar, and DisksB36/B36M Specification for Brass Plate, Sheet, Strip, AndRolled BarB96/B96M Specification for Copper-Silicon Alloy Plate,Sheet, Strip, and Rolled Bar for General Purposes andPressure Vessels1These test methods are under the jurisdict

14、ion of ASTM Committee E28 onMechanical Testing and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E28.06 onIndentation Hardness Testing.Current edition approved July 1, 2017. Published July 2017. Originally approvedin 1932. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as E18 16. DOI: 10.1520/E0018-17E012In

15、 this test method, the term Rockwell refers to an internationally recognizedtype of indentation hardness test as defined in Section 3, and not to the hardnesstesting equipment of a particular manufacturer.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer S

16、ervice at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 194

17、28-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Techn

18、ical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1B103/B103M Specification for Phosphor Bronze Plate,Sheet, Strip, and Rolled BarB121/B121M Specification for Leaded Brass Plate, Sheet,Strip, and Rolled BarB122/B122M Specification for Copper-Nickel-Tin Alloy,Copper-Nickel-Zinc Alloy (Nickel Silver), and Copper

19、-Nickel Alloy Plate, Sheet, Strip, and Rolled BarB130 Specification for Commercial Bronze Strip for BulletJacketsB134/B134M Specification for Brass WireB152/B152M Specification for Copper Sheet, Strip, Plate,and Rolled BarB370 Specification for Copper Sheet and Strip for BuildingConstructionE29 Prac

20、tice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data toDetermine Conformance with SpecificationsE92 Test Methods for Vickers Hardness and Knoop Hard-ness of Metallic MaterialsE140 Hardness Conversion Tables for Metals RelationshipAmong Brinell Hardness, Vickers Hardness, RockwellHardness, Superficial Hard

21、ness, Knoop Hardness, Sclero-scope Hardness, and Leeb HardnessE384 Test Method for Microindentation Hardness of Mate-rialsE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test Method2.2 American Bearings Manufacturer Association Stan-dard:ABMA 10-1989 Metal Balls4

22、2.3 ISO Standards:ISO 6508-1 Metallic MaterialsRockwell Hardness TestPart 1: Test Method (scales A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, K, N,T)5ISO/IEC 17011 Conformity AssessmentGeneral Require-ments for Accreditation Bodies Accrediting ConformityAssessment Bodies5ISO/IEC 17025 General Requirements for the Compet

23、enceof Testing and Calibration Laboratories52.4 Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) Standard:SAE J417 Hardness Tests and Hardness Number Conver-sions63. Terminology and Equations3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 calibrationdetermination of the values of the sig-nificant parameters by comparison with values in

24、dicated by areference instrument or by a set of reference standards.3.1.2 verificationchecking or testing to assure confor-mance with the specification.3.1.3 standardizationto bring in conformance to a knownstandard through verification or calibration.3.1.4 Rockwell hardness testan indentation hardn

25、ess testusing a verified machine to force a diamond spheroconicalindenter or tungsten carbide (or steel) ball indenter, underspecified conditions, into the surface of the material under test,and to measure the difference in depth of the indentation as theforce on the indenter is increased from a spe

26、cified preliminarytest force to a specified total test force and then returned to thepreliminary test force.3.1.5 Rockwell superficial hardness testsame as the Rock-well hardness test except that smaller preliminary and total testforces are used with a shorter depth scale.3.1.6 Rockwell hardness num

27、bera number derived fromthe net increase in the depth of indentation as the force on anindenter is increased from a specified preliminary test force toa specified total test force and then returned to the preliminarytest force.3.1.7 Rockwell hardness machinea machine capable ofperforming a Rockwell

28、hardness test and/or a Rockwell super-ficial hardness test and displaying the resulting Rockwellhardness number.3.1.7.1 Rockwell hardness testing machinea Rockwellhardness machine used for general testing purposes.3.1.7.2 Rockwell hardness standardizing machinea Rock-well hardness machine used for t

29、he standardization of Rock-well hardness indenters, and for the standardization of Rock-well hardness test blocks. The standardizing machine differsfrom a regular Rockwell hardness testing machine by havingtighter tolerances on certain parameters.3.2 Equations:3.2.1 The average Hof a set of n hardne

30、ss measurementsH1, H2, , Hnis calculated as:H5H11H211Hnn(1)3.2.2 The error E in the performance of a Rockwell hard-ness machine at each hardness level, relative to a standardizedscale, is determined as:E 5 H2 HSTD(2)where:H= average of n hardness measurements H1, H2, , Hnmade on a standardized test

31、block as part of aperformance verification, andHSTD= certified average hardness value of the standardizedtest block.3.2.3 The repeatability R in the performance of a Rockwellhardness machine at each hardness level, under the particularverification conditions, is estimated by the range of n hardnessm

32、easurements made on a standardized test block as part of aperformance verification, defined as:R 5 Hmax2 Hmin(3)where:Hmax= highest hardness value, andHmin= lowest hardness value.4Available from American Bearing Manufacturers Association (ABMA), 2025M Street, NW, Suite 800, Washington, DC 20036.5Ava

33、ilable from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.6Available from Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 400 CommonwealthDr., Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, http:/www.sae.org.E1817124. Significance and Use4.1 The Rockwell hardness

34、test is an empirical indentationhardness test that can provide useful information about metallicmaterials. This information may correlate to tensile strength,wear resistance, ductility, and other physical characteristics ofmetallic materials, and may be useful in quality control andselection of mate

35、rials.4.2 Rockwell hardness tests are considered satisfactory foracceptance testing of commercial shipments, and have beenused extensively in industry for this purpose.4.3 Rockwell hardness testing at a specific location on a partmay not represent the physical characteristics of the whole partor end

36、 product.4.4 Adherence to this standard test method provides trace-ability to national Rockwell hardness standards except as statedotherwise.5. Principles of Test and Apparatus5.1 Rockwell Hardness Test PrincipleThe general prin-ciple of the Rockwell indentation hardness test is illustrated inFig. 1

37、. The test is divided into three steps of force applicationand removal.Step 1The indenter is brought into contact with the testspecimen, and the preliminary test force F0is applied. Afterholding the preliminary test force for a specified dwell time,the baseline depth of indentation is measured.Step

38、2The force on the indenter is increased at acontrolled rate by the additional test force F1to achieve thetotal test force F. The total test force is held for a specifieddwell time.Step 3The additional test force is removed, returning tothe preliminary test force. After holding the preliminary testfo

39、rce for a specified dwell time, the final depth of indentationis measured. The Rockwell hardness value is derived from thedifference h in the final and baseline indentation depths whileunder the preliminary test force. The preliminary test force isremoved and the indenter is removed from the test sp

40、ecimen.5.1.1 There are two general classifications of the Rockwelltest: the Rockwell hardness test and the Rockwell superficialhardness test. The significant difference between the two testclassifications is in the test forces that are used. For theRockwell hardness test, the preliminary test force

41、is 10 kgf (98N) and the total test forces are 60 kgf (589 N), 100 kgf (981 N),and 150 kgf (1471 N). For the Rockwell superficial hardnesstest, the preliminary test force is 3 kgf (29 N) and the total testforces are 15 kgf (147 N), 30 kgf (294 N), and 45 kgf (441 N).5.1.2 Indenters for the Rockwell h

42、ardness test include adiamond spheroconical indenter and tungsten carbide ballindenters of specified diameters.5.1.2.1 Steel indenter balls may be used only for testing thinsheet tin mill products specified in Specifications A623 andA623M using the HR15T and HR30T scales with a diamondspot anvil. Te

43、sting of this product may give significantlydiffering results using a tungsten carbide ball as compared tohistorical test data using a steel ball.NOTE 1Previous editions of this standard have stated that the steelball was the standard type of Rockwell indenter ball. The tungsten carbideball is consi

44、dered the standard type of Rockwell indenter ball. The use oftungsten carbide balls provide an improvement to the Rockwell hardnesstest because of the tendency of steel balls to flatten with use, which resultsin an erroneously elevated hardness value. The user is cautioned thatRockwell hardness test

45、s comparing the use of steel and tungsten carbideballs have been shown to give different results. For example, depending onthe material tested and its hardness level, Rockwell B scale tests using atungsten carbide ball indenter have given results approximately oneRockwell point lower than when a ste

46、el ball indenter is used.5.1.3 The Rockwell hardness scales are defined by thecombinations of indenter and test forces that may be used. Thestandard Rockwell hardness scales and typical applications ofthe scales are given in Tables 1 and 2. Rockwell hardnessvalues shall be determined and reported in

47、 accordance with oneof these standard scales.5.2 Calculation of the Rockwell Hardness NumberDuringa Rockwell test, the force on the indenter is increased from apreliminary test force to a total test force, and then returned tothe preliminary test force. The difference in the two indentationdepth mea

48、surements, while under the preliminary test force, ismeasured as h (see Fig. 1).5.2.1 The unit measurement for h is mm. From the value ofh, the Rockwell hardness number is derived. The Rockwellhardness number is calculated as:5.2.1.1 For scales using a diamond spheroconical indenter(see Tables 1 and

49、 2):Rockwell Hardness 5 100 2h0.002(4)Rockwell Superficial Hardness 5 100 2h0.001(5)where h is in mm.5.2.1.2 For scales using a ball indenter (see Tables 1 and 2):Rockwell Hardness 5 130 2h0.002(6)Rockwell Superficial Hardness 5 100 2h0.001(7)where h is in mm.5.2.2 The Rockwell hardness number is an arbitrarynumber, which, by method of calculation, results in a highernumber for harder material.FIG. 1 Rockwell Hardness Test Method (Schematic Diagram)E1817135.2.3 Rockwell hardness values shall not be designated by anumber alone because it is necessar