ASTM D7297-2014 red 4463 Standard Practice for Evaluating Residential Indoor Air Quality Concerns《评估住宅室内空气质量影响的标准实施规程》.pdf

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1、Designation: D7297 06D7297 14Standard Practice forEvaluating Residential Indoor Air Quality Concerns1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7297; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revisi

2、on. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This standard practice describes procedures for evaluating indoor air quality (IAQ) concerns in residential buildings.1.2 The pra

3、ctice primarily addresses IAQ concerns encountered in single-family detached and attached (for example, townhouseor duplex design) residential buildings. Limited guidance is also included for low- and high-rise multifamily dwellings.1.3 The IAQ evaluation procedures are comprised of interviews with

4、the homeowner or resident(s) (including telephoneinterviews and face-to-face meetings) and on-site investigations (including walk-through, assessment, and measurements). Forpracticality in application, these procedures are dividingdivided into three separate phases.phases, which may occur over one o

5、rmore site visits.1.4 The procedures described in this standard practice are aimed at identifying potential causes contributing to the IAQ concern.Such findings should become a basis for recommending corrective measures. This standard practice does not describe problemresolution or corrective measur

6、es and the standard is not intended to evaluate the impact of corrective measures.1.5 This practice describes a pathway for characterizing indoor air, though adherence to this practice does not guarantee thatan investigator will be able to identify or resolve an IAQ complaint for one or more of the

7、following reasons: (1) the diversity ofsources and contaminants in indoor air; (2) other factors that may affect occupant perception and acceptance of indoor air quality,such as air temperature, humidity, noise, lighting, and psychological stress; (3) the range of susceptibility in the population.1.

8、6 Implementation of procedures given in this standard requires the investigator (or investigative team) to have adequatebackground in several areas: general principles of IAQ; interviewing techniques; building design and construction practices; basicunderstanding of heating and cooling systems and a

9、ppliances; use of IAQ measurement equipment; interpretation of IAQ data; andtechnical report writing.1.7 Although many elements described in this standard practice may be useful in training of IAQ investigators, it should notbe used as the sole basis for specifying or conducting such training.1.8 Th

10、is standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use. For additional safety

11、precautionary information, see Section 6.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of AtmospheresD1357 Practice for Planning the Sampling of the Ambient AtmosphereD4861 Practice for Sampling and Selection of Analytical Techniques for Pesticides an

12、d Polychlorinated Biphenyls in AirD4947 Test Method for Chlordane and Heptachlor Residues in Indoor Air (Withdrawn 2011)3D5197 Test Method for Determination of Formaldehyde and Other Carbonyl Compounds inAir (Active Sampler Methodology)D5438 Practice for Collection of Floor Dust for Chemical Analysi

13、sD5466 Test Method for Determination of Volatile Organic Chemicals in Atmospheres (Canister Sampling Methodology)D5952 Guide for the Inspection of Water Systems for Legionella and the Investigation of Possible Outbreaks of Legionellosis(Legionnaires Disease or Pontiac Fever)1 This practice is under

14、the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on Air Quality and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.05 on Indoor Air.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2006April 1, 2014. Published January 2007May 2014. Originally approved in 2006. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as D729706.DOI: 10.1520/

15、D7297-06.10.1520/D7297-14.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standa

16、rd and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases

17、only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1D5955 Test Methods for Estimating Contribution of Environmental Tobacco Smoke to Re

18、spirable Suspended Particles Based onUVPM and FPMD6196 Practice for Selection of Sorbents, Sampling, and Thermal Desorption Analysis Procedures for Volatile OrganicCompounds in AirD6271 Test Method for Estimating Contribution of Environmental Tobacco Smoke to Respirable Suspended Particles Based onS

19、olanesolD6333 Practice for Collection of Dislodgeable Pesticide Residues from FloorsD6345 Guide for Selection of Methods for Active, Integrative Sampling of Volatile Organic Compounds in AirE241 Guide for Limiting Water-Induced Damage to BuildingsE609 Terminology Relating to PesticidesE620 Practice

20、for Reporting Opinions of Scientific or Technical ExpertsE741 Test Method for Determining Air Change in a Single Zone by Means of a Tracer Gas DilutionE779 Test Method for Determining Air Leakage Rate by Fan PressurizationE943 Terminology Relating to Biological Effects and Environmental FateE1186 Pr

21、actices for Air Leakage Site Detection in Building Envelopes and Air Barrier SystemsE1554 Test Methods for Determining Air Leakage of Air Distribution Systems by Fan PressurizationE1827 Test Methods for Determining Airtightness of Buildings Using an Orifice Blower DoorE1998 Guide for Assessing Depre

22、ssurization-Induced Backdrafting and Spillage from Vented Combustion AppliancesE2128 Guide for Evaluating Water Leakage of Building Walls2.2 Other Documents:ASHRAE 62.2-200462.2-2010 Ventilation and Acceptable Indoor Air Quality in Low-Rise Residential Buildings3ASHRAE 119 Air Leakage Performance fo

23、r Detached Single-Family Residential Buildings43. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this practice, refer to Terminologies D1356, E609, and E943.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 hypothesis, na provisional theory set forth to explain certain indoor air

24、quality problems or phenomena.3.2.2 pause point, nan interim step within a procedural sequence designed to allow subsequent actions to be based on theanalysis and evaluation of recently collected data.3.2.3 stack effect, nbuoyancy associated with the indoor-outdoor temperature differences.4. Summary

25、 of Practice4.1 IAQ-based complaints and problems in residential buildings include discomfort and health symptoms arising from exposureto indoor air pollutants, as well as unacceptable indoor environmental conditions such as mold growth or lingering odors.4.2 This practice describes procedures for t

26、he systematic investigation of IAQ concerns using an iterative process that involvesproblem definition, information gathering, formulation of hypotheses, measurements (if necessary), and problem identification. Itmay include testing hypotheses by taking actions and evaluating their impact on the IAQ

27、 concern.4.3 To enhance the effectiveness and management of an IAQ investigation, it is often conducted in three separate phases: (1)initial meetingmeeting(s) with the building owner and or occupant, or both, and a walk-through, (2) detailed assessment of thebuilding and its systems, and (3) polluta

28、nt measurements, if necessary. Such phased investigations also allow informing thebuilding owner or the cognizant party of the progress and seeking approval for ensuing work. However, circumstances may requireall three phases to occur during a single site visit.4.4 Major steps recommended for IAQ in

29、vestigations include an initial interview with the building owner or occupant, on-sitemeeting and walk-through, develop hypotheses on potential causes of complaints, determine measurement parameters andinstrumentation, determine the need and feasibility of monitoring, if appropriate, conduct monitor

30、ing, analyze data and evaluatehypotheses, and develop report on findings. Critical purposes underlying these steps and procedures involved are described. Therelationships among the steps are illustrated through a flow diagram.4.5 The success of an IAQ investigation often depends on whether or not th

31、e investigator has taken the time to step back toassess all field observations and data that have been collected at any given point to determine or postulate potential causes. Theseinterim evaluation points are called pause points and several such pause points are recommended during the investigatio

32、n process.3 Available from American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (ASHRAE), 1791 Tullie Circle, NE, Atlanta, GA 30329,http:/www.ashrae.org.D7297 1425. Significance and Use5.1 IAQ-based complaints and problems including discomfort/health symptoms and unaccept

33、able indoor environmentalconditions such as odors exist in residential buildings, but the frequency of the occurrence of IAQ complaints and problems is notknown.5.2 Characterization of IAQ concerns and identification of their underlying causes require systematic observations andmeasurements of the i

34、ndoor environment, its occupants and contaminant sources. This practice provides background andprocedures for the investigation of IAQ concerns.5.3 Where the dwelling is not owner-occupied, formal permission to access certain areas of the property and to collectinformation essential to the IAQ inves

35、tigation is often deemed essential to be obtained from the owner and, where applicable, fromother tenants. An investigator should seek appropriate legal advice in these matters.5.4 Certain stages of the IAQ investigation could benefit from a review of existing medical records. This requires specific

36、written permission from the patient.5.4 The stepwise and phased approach described in this practice allows for an investigation that is commensurate with the natureof the problem and the level of resources available for the investigation.6. Hazards and Precautions6.1 In the course of conducting on-s

37、ite investigations, a variety of situations may arise that could pose a hazard to theinvestigator and residents. Examples include the following:6.1.1 Improperly stored or uncharacterized household chemicals, and pesticides, etc.,6.1.2 Fire hazards (for example, inappropriate storage of combustible m

38、aterial), andmaterial)6.1.3 Microbiological contamination.contamination, and6.1.4 General safety (for example, weakened staircases, etc.).6.2 Most potential hazards are recognized visually, and can be accommodated by asking the homeowner to remove the hazards.6.3 If any testing or assessment planned

39、 to be conducted by the investigator (for example, use of smoke tracers) influences theoccupants and/oror indoor environment, or both, risks related to such procedures must be reviewed with the resident and explicitpermission of the resident should be obtained prior to initiating such testing.6.4 Wh

40、ere applicable, use protective equipment (for example, eye protection, gloves, and masks), and safe procedures (that is,avoid direct inhalation of strong vapors) to reduce hazards that cannot be otherwise moderated.7. Background on the Nature of Residential IAQ Problems, Contaminants and Sources7.1

41、For successful diagnosis of IAQ problems, investigators need to have a thorough understanding of types of problems andtheir potential causes. This section provides an illustrative background on typetypes of IAQ problems, contaminants, and indoorsources. For detailed discussion, refer to the document

42、s listed in the bibliography (Annex A7). The next section (Section 8) givesbackground on building and system related IAQ problems.7.2 IAQ Concerns and Problems:7.2.1 IAQ concerns and problems can be grouped ininto two categories: those that adversely affect the residents health, andthose that create

43、 annoying circumstances. The first category is perceived symptom-based response (related to residents healthstatus or perception of well-being), and may or may not be detectable by the senses. The second category relates to acceptabilityof indoor environmental conditions, which relate to sensory phe

44、nomena, but may or may not be related to health concerns.7.2.2 IAQ concerns that are based on symptom complaints include building-related illnesses whose symptoms can be identifiedand whose cause can be directly attributed to airborne building pollutants, as well as illnesses without known etiologic

45、al origins.7.2.3 IAQ concerns that are based on perceived acceptability of environmental conditions include disagreeable odors, visibledeposits of soot-like residues, or mold growth on various surfaces, and excessive dust.7.3 Contaminants and Indoor Sources:7.3.1 Two major types of contaminants are

46、biological and chemical contaminants. Bioaerosols represent a broad class of viableparticles (viruses, bacteria, protozoa,protista, and fungal spores), and nonviable particles (that is, fragments of dead organisms andparticulate waste products). Chemical contaminants can exist as gases, vapors, and

47、aerosols that are or may become airborne.Thereare also chemical contaminants that originate from living organisms.7.3.2 Indoor levels of biologically-derived pollutants may arise from biological contamination of the indoor environment (forexample, mold colonization), or from the transport of biologi

48、cally-derived contaminants from other indoor airspaces, the outdoors,or from soil gas entry (1, 2).47.3.3 Sources of chemical contaminants in indoor air are conveniently grouped as (1) activity-related, (2) material-relatedsources, (3) transport-related sources, (4) tracked-in dirt, and (5) bioefflu

49、ents.4 The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of this standard.D7297 1437.3.3.1 Activity-related sources are characterized by process rates. The emission rate for aerosols and gases from combustionsources, for example, is usually postulatedoften expressed in terms of fuel consumption rate. Malfunctioning of such sources suchas spillage from combustion sources relates to process rate and other factors such as depressurization. Other direct-dischargesources would include the use of pressurized consumer products as well as volatilizati