ASTM D5681-2009 5625 Standard Terminology for Waste and Waste Management《废物和废物管理的标准术语》.pdf

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1、Designation: D 5681 09Standard Terminology forWaste and Waste Management1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5681; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses

2、 indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology contains standard definitions of termsused in the general area of waste and waste management. It isintended to promote understanding by pro

3、viding precise tech-nical definitions of terms used in the standards developed byCommittee D34 and its subcommittees.1.2 Terms used only within an individual standard, andhaving a meaning unique to that standard, may be defined orexplained in the terminology section of that individual stan-dard.1.3

4、This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Docum

5、ents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 1129 Terminology Relating to WaterD 4439 Terminology for GeosyntheticsD 4448 Guide for Sampling Ground-Water MonitoringWellsD 4547 Guide for Sampling Waste and Soils for VolatileOrganic CompoundsD 4646 Test Method for 24-h Batch-Type Measurement ofContaminant Sorption by So

6、ils and SedimentsD 4790 Terminology of Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Re-lated ChemicalsD 4874 Test Method for Leaching Solid Material in aColumn ApparatusD 5120 Test Method for Inhibition of Respiration in Micro-bial Cultures in the Activated Sludge ProcessD 5231 Test Method for Determination of the Com

7、positionof Unprocessed Municipal Solid WasteD 5285 Test Method for 24-Hour Batch-Type Measurementof Volatile Organic Sorption by Soils and Sediments3D 5368 Test Methods for Gravimetric Determination ofTotal Solvent Extractable Content (TSEC) of Solid WasteSamplesD 5369 Practice for Extraction of Sol

8、id Waste Samples forChemical Analysis Using Soxhlet ExtractionD 5468 Test Method for Gross Calorific and Ash Value ofWaste MaterialsD 5660 Test Method for Assessing the Microbial Detoxifi-cation of Chemically Contaminated Water and Soil Usinga Toxicity Test with a Luminescent Marine BacteriumD 5679

9、Practice for Sampling Consolidated Solids inDrums or Similar ContainersD 5680 Practice for Sampling Unconsolidated Solids inDrums or Similar ContainersD 5743 Practice for Sampling Single or Multilayered Liq-uids, With or Without Solids, in Drums or Similar Con-tainersD 5744 Test Method for Laborator

10、y Weathering of SolidMaterials Using a Humidity CellD 5745 Guide for Developing and Implementing Short-Term Measures or Early Actions for Site RemediationD 5746 Classification of Environmental Condition of Prop-erty Area Types for Defense Base Closure and Realign-ment FacilitiesD 5759 Guide for Char

11、acterization of Coal Fly Ash andClean Coal Combustion Fly Ash for Potential UsesD 5792 Practice for Generation of Environmental DataRelated to Waste Management Activities: Development ofData Quality ObjectivesD 5956 Guide for Sampling Strategies for HeterogeneousWastesD 6008 Practice for Conducting

12、Environmental BaselineSurveysD 6044 Guide for Representative Sampling for Manage-ment of Waste and Contaminated MediaD 6051 Guide for Composite Sampling and Field Subsam-pling for Environmental Waste Management Activities1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on WasteManag

13、ement and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.94 on Terminol-ogy.Current edition approved July 1, 2009. Published August 2009. Originallyapproved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D 5681 08.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact

14、ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor

15、 Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.D 6063 Guide for Sampling of Drums and Similar Contain-ers by Field PersonnelD 6250 Practice for Derivation of Decision Point and Con-fidence Limit for Statistical Testing of Mean Concentrationin Waste Management DecisionsD 6270 Pr

16、actice for Use of Scrap Tires in Civil EngineeringApplicationsD 6311 Guide for Generation of Environmental Data Re-lated to Waste Management Activities: Selection andOptimization of Sampling DesignD 6323 Guide for Laboratory Subsampling of Media Re-lated to Waste Management ActivitiesD 6346 Guide fo

17、r Accepting, Segregating and PackagingMaterials Collected Through Household Hazardous WasteProgramsD 6538 Guide for Sampling Wastewater With AutomaticSamplersD 6582 Guide for Ranked Set Sampling: Efficient Estima-tion of a Mean Concentration in Environmental SamplingD 6661 Practice for Field Collect

18、ion of Organic Com-pounds from Surfaces Using Wipe SamplingD 6700 Practice for Use of Scrap Tire-Derived FuelD 6759 Practice for Sampling Liquids Using Grab andDiscrete Depth SamplersD 6842 Guide for Designing Cost-Effective Sampling andMeasurement Plans by Use of Estimated Uncertainty andIts Compon

19、ents in Waste Management Decision-MakingD 6956 Guide for Demonstrating and Assessing Whether aChemical Analytical Measurement System Provides Ana-lytical Results Consistent with Their Intended UseD 6982 Practice for Detecting Hot Spots and Buried Ob-jects Using Point-Net (Grid) Search PatternsE 135

20、Terminology Relating to Analytical Chemistry forMetals, Ores, and Related MaterialsE 177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias inASTM Test MethodsE 456 Terminology Relating to Quality and StatisticsE 702 Specification for Municipal Ferrous ScrapE 708 Specification for Waste Glass as a Raw

21、 Material forthe Manufacture of Glass ContainersE711 Test Method for Gross Calorific Value of Refuse-Derived Fuel by the Bomb CalorimeterE 828 Test Method for Designating the Size of RDF-3 Fromits Sieve AnalysisE 850 Practice for Use of Inorganic Process Wastes asStructural FillE 856 Definitions of

22、Terms and Abbreviations Relating toPhysical and Chemical Characteristics of Refuse DerivedFuelE 868 Test Methods for Conducting Performance Tests onMechanical Conveying Equipment Used in Resource Re-covery SystemsE 884 Practice for Sampling Airborne Microorganisms atMunicipal Solid-Waste Processing

23、FacilitiesE 889 Test Method for Composition or Purity of a SolidWaste Materials StreamE 897 Test Method for Volatile Matter in the AnalysisSample of Refuse-Derived FuelE 929 Test Method for Measuring Electrical Energy Re-quirements of Processing EquipmentE 943 Terminology Relating to Biological Effe

24、cts and En-vironmental FateE 949 Test Method for Total Moisture in a Refuse-DerivedFuel Laboratory SampleE 953 Test Method for Fusibility of Refuse-Derived Fuel(RDF) AshE 959 Test Method for Characterizing the Performance ofRefuse Size-Reduction EquipmentE 1037 Test Method for Measuring Particle Siz

25、e Distribu-tion of RDF-5E 1138 Terminology for Technical Aspects of ProductsLiability LitigationE 1183 Test Method for Air Drying RDF-5 for FurtherAnalysisE 1248 Practice for Shredder Explosion ProtectionE 1266 Practice for Processing Mixtures of Lime, Fly Ash,and Heavy Metal Wastes in Structural Fi

26、lls and OtherConstruction Applications3. Significance and Use3.1 This terminology defines terms and specialized mean-ings of terms in the subject areas of waste and management ofwaste.3.2 This terminology is not intended for subjects other thanwaste and waste management. For terms applicable to othe

27、rsubject areas, the appropriate terminology standard(s) shouldbe consulted. See the current edition of the Compilation ofASTM Standard Definitions4and the list of terminologystandards cited therein.3.3 Standards relating to subcategories of waste or wastemanagement may use terms defined more narrowl

28、y than thoseincluded here. The more specialized terminology standardsrelating to the applicable specific subcategory, or terms definedwithin individual standards, or both, should be consulted forthe exact meaning intended within a given standard.3.4 The Thesaurus on Resource Recovery Terminology(Spe

29、cial Technical Publication (STP) 832)5contains manyterms and may be useful for those not listed in terminologystandards. However, a definition in a standard terminologyshall be considered governing when the term is used in thesense or meaning defined therein.3.5 Statistical terms are not defined in

30、this terminology tothe extent that the terms, when used regarding waste andmanagement of waste, have the same meanings as in PracticeE 177 or Terminology E 456.3.6 Regulatory terms are often developed by regulatoryagencies for special regulatory purposes and may have techni-cal content or meaning di

31、fferent from terms defined herein.When a regulatory term exists that differs in meaning from aterm given here, the regulatory term should be considered totake precedence for regulatory matters.4Compilation of ASTM Standard Definitions, ASTM, 8th edition, 1994.5Thesaurus on Resource Recovery Terminol

32、ogy, ASTM STP 832, ASTM, 1983.D56810924. Terminologyaccepts, nthe output stream from a materials separationdevice that contains the highest concentration (purity) of thecomponents that the device is designed to separate.accuracy, ncloseness of a measured value to the true or anaccepted reference or

33、standard value. E 135, D 6311acid producing potential (AP), nthe potential for a solidmaterial sample to produce acidic effluent, based on thepercent of sulfide contained in that sample as iron-sulfidemineral (for example, pyrite or pyrrhotite). The AP iscommonly converted to the amount of calcium c

34、arbonaterequired to neutralize the resulting amount of acidic effluentproduced by the oxidation of contained iron sulfide minerals;it is expressed as the equivalent tons of calcium carbonateper 1000 tons of solid material. The AP is therefore calcu-lated by multiplying the percent of sulfide contain

35、ed in thematerial by a stoichiometric factor of 31.25. D 5744action level (AL)the level above or below which will lead tothe adoption of one of two alternative actions. D 6956adiabatic calorimeter, na calorimeter that has a jackettemperature adjusted to follow the calorimeter temperatureas closely a

36、s possible so as to maintain zero thermal head.D 5468air dryinga process of partial drying of RDF-3 to bring itsmoisture content near to equilibrium with the atmosphere inthe room in which the sieving is to take place. E 828air dryinga process of partial drying of RDF to bring itsmoisture content ne

37、ar to equilibrium with the atmosphere inwhich further reduction, division, and characterization of thesample are to take place. In order to bring about theequilibrium, the RDF is usually subjected to drying undercontrolled temperature conditions ranging from 30 to 40C.E 949all season radial, na high

38、way tire designed to meet theweather conditions in all seasons of the year, that meets theRubber Manufacturers Association6definition of a mud andsnow tire. D 6700altered tire, na scrap tire which has been modified so that itis no longer capable of retaining air, holding water, or beingused on a veh

39、icle. D 6700analysis, nthe activity to determine the proximate andultimate analysis, fuel value and size specification of TDF.D 6700analysis sample, nthe final subsample prepared from theair-dried laboratory sample but reduced in particle size bypassing through a mill with a 0.5 mm (0.02in.) size or

40、smaller final screen.analysis samplethe final subsample prepared from theair-dried laboratory sample but reduced by passing through amill with a 0.5 mm (0.02 in.) size or smaller final screen.E 949analysis of variance (ANOVA), na statistical method ofdecomposing (or breaking down) the total variance

41、 andestimating or testing its contributing component variancesfor statistical significance. D 6842analytethe constituent to be measured. D 6956analytical unit, nthe actual amount of the sample materialanalyzed in the laboratory. D 6044applicable or relevant and appropriate requirements(ARAR)those re

42、quirements, cleanup standards, standardsof control, and other substantive environmental protectionrequirements, criteria, or limitations promulgated underfederal or state law that show either a direct correspondenceor address problems or situations sufficiently similar at a siteto show that they are

43、 well suited for application. D 5745asbestossix naturally occurring fibrous minerals found incertain types of rock formations. Of the six, the mineralschrysotile, amosite, and crocidolite have been most com-monly used in building products. When mined and pro-cessed, asbestos is typically separated i

44、nto very thin fibers.Because asbestos is strong, incombustible, and corrosion-resistant, asbestos was used in many commercial productsbeginning early in this century and peaking in the periodfrom World War II into the 1970s. When inhaled in sufficientquantities, asbestos fibers can cause serious hea

45、lth problems.D 6008asbestos-containing material (ACM)any material or prod-uct that contains more than 1 % asbestos. D 6008as-determined basis, nanalytical data obtained from ananalysis sample after conditioning and preparation whichrepresent the numerical values obtained at the particularmoisture an

46、d ash level in the sample at the time of analysis.as-received basis, ntest data calculated to the condition ofthe sample as it arrived in the laboratory and before anylaboratory processing or conditioning.ash nthe residue remaining after ignition of a substance asdetermined by definite prescribed me

47、thods.DISCUSSIONAsh may not be identical in composition or quantitywith the inorganic substances present in the analysis sample beforeignition.attribute, na quality of samples or a population. D 5956,D 6311auxiliary variable, nthe secondary characteristic or mea-surement of interest.DISCUSSIONIn ran

48、ked set sampling, information contained in anauxiliary variable is useful for ranking the samples. This ranking maymimic the rankings of the samples with respect to the values of theprimary variable when there is correlation between the auxiliaryvariable and the primary variable. Auxiliary informati

49、on may includevisual inspection, inexpensive quick measurement, knowledge ofoperational history, previous site data, or any other similar information.D 6582balanced design, na statistical study where replication ineach of the levels of ANOVA is identical. D 6842baling, na method of volume reduction whereby tires arecompressed into bales. D 6270bead, nthe anchoring part of the tire which is shaped to fitthe rim and is constructed of bead wire wrapped by the plies.D 6270bead, nthe anchoring part of the tire, which is shaped to fitthe rim. The bead is cons