[外语类试卷]考博英语模拟试卷151及答案与解析.doc

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1、考博英语模拟试卷 151及答案与解析 一、 Reading Comprehension 0 While the polltakers are most widely known for their political surveys, the greatest part of their work is on behalf of American business. There are three kinds of commercial surveys. One is a public relations research, such as that done for banks, which

2、 finds out how the public feels about a company. Another is employee-attitude research, which learns from rank-and-file workers how they really feel about their jobs and their bosses, and which can avert strikes by getting to the bottom of grievances quickly. The third, and probably most spectacular

3、, is marketing research, testing public receptivity to products and designs. The investment a company must make for a new product is enormous-$ 5,000,000 to $ 10,000,000, for instance, for just one new product. Through the surveys a company can discover in advance what objections the public has to c

4、ompeting products, and whether it really wants a new one. These surveys are actually a new set of signals permitting better communication between business and the general public-letting them talk to each other. Such communication is vital in a complex society like our own. Without it, we would have

5、not only tremendous waste but the industrial anarchy of countless new unwanted products appearing and disappearing. 1 The title below that best expresses the main idea of this passage is _. （ A） The Polltaker （ B） Business Asks Questions （ C） Behind the Scenes in Business （ D） Our Complex Business W

6、orld 2 The passage states that polls can benefit industry by _. （ A） reducing waste （ B） establishing fair prices （ C） strengthening peoples faith in business （ D） saving small businesses 3 This paragraph is developed by means of _. （ A） cause and effect （ B） contrast （ C） illustrations （ D） anecdot

7、es 4 Which is not mentioned as an area in which polls have been conducted? （ A） New products. （ B） Politics. （ C） Public relations. （ D） Family relationships. 4 Another example of the exercise of power by Congress was the action it took during the Reconstruction Period after the Civil War. It has al

8、ready been noted that President Johnson favored a lenient policy toward the South and attempted to carry out Lincolns “10 percent plan“. He pardoned most of the Southern leaders and permitted them to restore their state governments. They were permitted to elect Senators and Representatives. Congress

9、, however, led by the Radical Republican Thaddeus Stevens, had other ideas about the handing of the defeated Confederacy. Congress favored punitive policies. The South should be treated as conquered territory, and its readmission should be handled by Congress rather than the President. Congress oppo

10、sed the “Johnson Governments“ and the “Black Codes“ passed by Southern states which virtually restored former slaves to their masters. Accordingly, it passed the Reconstruction Act of 1867. This measure divided the South into five military districts and provided that a seceded state would be readmit

11、ted in the Union only after it had ratified the 14th Amendment which provided that all persons born or naturalized in the United States should be citizens of the United States and of the state in which they resided, granted equality before the law to all persons, and prohibited a state from deprivin

12、g any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law. Congress also barred rebel leaders from federal office, repudiated the Confederate debt, and reduced the representation of states which barred qualified persons from voting. Later it adopted the 15th Amendement guaranteeing the N

13、egroes the right to vote. Johnson vigorously opposed these measures. He vetoed the Reconstruction Act and others, only to see Congress repass them over his veto. After such passage of the Tenure of Office Act, Johnson, believing it unconstitutional, violated it and removed a member of his Cabinet wi

14、thout consulting Congress. The House of Representatives proceeded to impeach Johnson. The Senate, however, failed, by one vote, to reach the two-thirds majority necessary for his removal. 5 The title below that best expresses the main idea of this passage is _. （ A） The Impeachment of President John

15、son （ B） The Reconstruction Period （ C） Conflict between President Johnson and Congress （ D） A Lenient President 6 We can infer that _. （ A） Johnson believed that the Reconstruction Act of 1867 carried out Lincolns “10 percent plan“ （ B） Johnson exceeded his authority by removing a Cabinet member wi

16、thout consulting Congress （ C） Johnson failed to be impeached by one vote （ D） Johnson was less tolerant of the South than Congress was 7 Which of the following statements is not true according to this passage? （ A） President Johnson displayed a liberal attitude toward the defeated Southern states.

17、（ B） The attitude of retaliation was sponsored by Thaddeus Stevens. （ C） The “due process“ clause is part of the 15th Amendment. （ D） The House of Representatives has the power to impeach a President. 8 The Reconstruction Act of 1867 _. （ A） endorsed the “Black Codes“ （ B） was vetoed by the Presiden

18、t （ C） utilized Lincolns “10 percent plan“ （ D） was declared unconstitutional by the President 8 “The highest merit we ascribe to Moses, Plato, and Milton,“ says Emerson, “is that they set at nought books and traditions, and spoke not what men thought but what they thought. A man should learn to det

19、ect and watch that gleam of light which flashes across his mind from within, more than the luster of the firmament of bards and sages. Yet he dismisses without notice his thought because it is his. In every work of genius we recognize our own rejected thoughts; they come back to us with a certain al

20、ienated majesty.“ It is strange that any one who has recognized the individuality of all works of lasting influence should not also recognize the fact that his own individuality ought to be steadfastly preserved. As Emerson says in continuation, “Great works of art have no more affecting lesson for

21、us than this. They teach us to abide by our spontaneous impressions with goodhumored inflexibility, then most when the whole cry of voices is on the other side. Else tomorrow a stranger will say with masterful good sense precisely what we have thought and felt all the time, and we shall be forced to

22、 take with shame our opinion from another.“ Accepting the opinions of another and the tastes of another is very different from agreement in opinion and taste. Originality is independence, not rebellion. It is sincerity, not antagonism. Whatever you believe to be true and false, that proclaim to be t

23、rue and false. Whatever you think admirable and beautiful, that should be your model, even if all your friends and all the critics storm at you as a crotchet-monger and an eccentric. Whether the public will feel its truth and beauty at once, or after long years, or never cease to regard it as parado

24、x and ugliness, no man can foresee. Enough for you to know that you have done your best, have been true to yourself, and that the utmost power inherent in your work has been displayed. 9 The title below that best expresses the main idea of this passage is _. （ A） What Emerson Said （ B） Individualism

25、 in Writing （ C） Doing Your Best （ D） Great Works of Art 10 The greatness of Moses, Plato and Milton _. （ A） is based on their reliance on books and traditions （ B） is revealed in their works of genius （ C） demonstrates a certain inalienated majesty （ D） is found in their expression of their own tho

26、ughts 11 All works of lasting value possess the quality of _. （ A） individuality （ B） honesty （ C） beauty （ D） eccentricity 12 The authors advice to writers may be summed up as _. （ A） imitating Moses, Plato, and Milton （ B） giving the public what it wants （ C） being original （ D） believing in your

27、own reasoning and emotions 12 The Quechua world is submerged, so to speak, in a cosmic magma that weighs heavily upon it. It possesses the rare quality of being as it were interjected into the midst of antagonistic forces, which in turn implies a whole body of social and aesthetic structures whose i

28、nnermost meaning must be the administration of energy. This gives rise to the social organism known as the ayllu, the agrarian community that regulates the procurement of food. The ayllu formed the basic structure of the whole Inca empire. The central idea of this organization was a kind of closed e

29、conomy, just the opposite of our economic practices, which can be described as open. The closed economy rested on the fact that the Inca controlled both the production and consumption of food. When one adds to this fact the religious ideas noted in the Quechua texts cited by the chronicler Santa Cru

30、z Pachacuti, one comes to the conclusion that in the Andean zone the margin of life was minimal and was made possible only by the system of magic the Quechua constructed through his religion. Adversities, moreover, were numerous, for the harvest might fail at any time and bring starvation to million

31、s. Hence the whole purpose of the Quechua administrative and ideological system was to carry on the arduous task of achieving abundance and staving off shortages. This kind of a structure presupposes a state of unremitting anxiety, which could not be resolved by action. The Quechua could not do so b

32、ecause his primordial response to problems was the use of magic, that is, recourse to the unconscious for the solution of external problems. Thus the struggle against the world was a struggle against the dark depths of the Quechuas own psyche, where the solution was found. By overcoming the unconsci

33、ous, the outer world was also vanquished. These considerations permit us to classify Quechua culture as absolutely static or, more accurately, as the expression of a mere state of being. Only in this way can we understand the refuge it took in the germinative center of the cosmic mandala as revealed

34、 by Quechua art. The Quechua empire was nothing more than a mandala, for it was divided into four zones, with Cuzco in the center. Here the Quechua ensconced himself to contemplate the decline of the world as though it were caused by an alien and autonomous force. 13 The Quechua world _. （ A） was da

35、rk （ B） was primarily economic （ C） may be placed in primitive South America （ D） was located in Mexico 14 The ayllu _. （ A） controlled the production and distribution food （ B） was an open economy （ C） was based on understanding the environment （ D） was an example of a mandala 15 We may conclude th

36、at the Quechua world was _. （ A） uncivilized （ B） highly introspective （ C） extremely dynamic （ D） free of major worries 16 The author calls the Quechua empire a mandala because _. （ A） it was agrarian （ B） it was superstitious （ C） a closed economy prevailed （ D） it was divided into four zones 16 I

37、nvestment in the public sector, such as electricity, irrigation, quarrying, public services and transport (excluding vehicles, ships and planes) increased by about 10%, although the emphasis moved to transport and away from the other sectors mentioned. Trade and services recorded a 16 -17 % investme

38、nt growth, including a 30% increase in investment in business premises. Industrial investment is estimated to have risen by 8%. Although the share of agriculture in total gross investment in the economy continued to decline, investment grew by 9% in absolute terms, largely spurred on by a 23% expans

39、ion of investment in agricultural equipment. Housing construction had 12% more invested in it in 1964, not so much owing to increased demand, as to fears of impending new taxes and limitation of building. Total consumption in real terms rose by close on 11% during 1964, and per capita personal consu

40、mption by under 7%, as in 1963. The undesirable trend towards a rapid rise in consumption, evident in previous years, remained unaltered. Since at current prices consumption rose by 16% and disposable income by 13%, there was evidently a fall in the rate of saving in the private sector of the econom

41、y. Once again consumption patterns indicated a swift advance in the standard of living. Expenditure on food, especially bread and staple items, declined in significance, although consumption of fruit increased. Outlay on furniture and household equipment, health, eduction and recreation continued to

42、 increase. The greatest proof of altered living standards was the rapid expansion of expenditure on transport (including private cars) and personal services of all kinds, which occurred during 1964. The progressive affluence of large sectors of the public was demonstrated by the changing composition

43、 of durable goods purchased. Saturation point was rapidly being approached for items such as the first household radio, gas cookers, and electric refrigerators, whereas increasing purchases of automobiles and television sets were registered. 17 From this passage, we may infer that the people of the

44、country were _. （ A） spending more money than they earn （ B） investing and consuming at an accelerated pace （ C） saving more money than previously （ D） spending their money wisely 18 The author calls the trend towards a rapid rise in consumption “undesirable“ because _. （ A） expenditures on frills a

45、nd luxuries increased （ B） the standard of living was rising （ C） people were eating less （ D） people were saving less 19 We may conclude that the country being discussed is not the United States _. （ A） because expenditures for food declined （ B） from the statement that the saturation point was rap

46、idly being approached for first household radios （ C） because no mention is made of military expenditures （ D） because the people were affluent 20 The area of greatest expenditure of investment funds occurred in _. （ A） the public sector （ B） business premises （ C） housing construction （ D） a field

47、which cannot be determined 二、 English-Chinese Translation 20 21. We might be inclined to attribute to the act of thinking complete from language if the individual formed or were able to form his concepts without the verbal guidance of his environment. Yet most likely the mental shape of an individua

48、l, growing up under such conditions, would be very poor. Thus we may conclude that the mental development of the individual and his way of forming concepts depend to a high degree upon language. This makes us realize to what extent the same language means the same mentality. In this sense thinking a

49、nd language are linked together. What distinguishes the language of science from languages, as we ordinarily understand the word? How is it that scientific language is international? What science strives for is an utmost acuteness and clarity of concepts as regards their mutual relation and their correspondence to sensory data. As an illustration, let us take the language of Euclidean geometry and algebra. They manipulate with a small number of independently introduced concepts, respe