[外语类试卷]大学英语六级（阅读）模拟试卷7及答案与解析.doc

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1、大学英语六级（阅读）模拟试卷 7及答案与解析 一、 Part II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes) Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions attached to the passage. For questions 1-4, mark： Y (for YES) if the statement agrees with the infor

2、mation given in the passage; N (for NO) if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage; NG (for NOT GIVEN) if the information is not given in the passage. 0 The New Machine Move Over Data! The potential of integrated applications in medical technology and patient monitoring is as

3、exciting as it is exotic. Remember the Star Trek robot who could speak 5,000 languages and who was familiar with the protocols(礼仪 )of many worlds? Not only can Data talk, reason and feel. It is almost impossible to shut him up! Well, the scientists at the Massachusetts Institute of Technologys(MIT)A

4、rtificial Intelligence(AI)lab are exploring and creating robots that may someday rival Datas accomplishments. The implications of their work ranging from artificial limbs that feel, respond and act like the originals, to thinking machines are moving fairly quickly from the realms of fantasy into tho

5、se of probability. One robot, nicknamed Kismet, has even been programmed to read human facial expressions and react “emotionally“. Kismet has a disembodied head, albeit a remarkably cute one with long eyelashes shading large blue eyes. Just as babies learn from reading and imitating the expressions

6、and sounds made by their parents(with parents often projecting their emotions to the child), Kismet “learns“ and reacts to the faces of its creators. While Kismets ability to interact and learn is primitive when compared to a human baby, it nonetheless elicits a great deal of “projected“ humanity fr

7、om those around it, and triggers some of the same emotions as an infant would from the adults that surround him or her. Children learn to be real people because the adults close to them are “programmed“(i. e., infants trigger hormonal and neuronal stimuli in adults)to treat them as real people. Thus

8、, the scientists at MIT are predicting that humanoid robots may be possible if we treat them as if they were human! This work is fascinating in all of its facets especially mat which teaches us about ourselves. “Do unto others as you would have them do unto you. “ And can you create who they are and

9、 how they treat you? “As you sow, so shall you reap!“ While humans are infinitely more complex, making their reactions infinitely less predictable, even at the most primitive level, the impact of respectful and gentle interactions can be not clearly seen. Real News Interactive Robot The real news, h

10、owever, is Cog: an interactive robot that makes eye contact, plays catch, and bobbles a Slinky back and forth in its hands. Unlike robots in which a single central computer controls multiple separate mechanical systems, Cog is built with “embodied“ intelligence every joint has an independent “thinki

11、ng“ machine designed to interact in simple ways with the joints around it, and to take cues directly from its environment. This means, of course, that not even its creators know precisely how Cog will behave in every situation. And now the creators are working on Cogs skin. Heres whats going on: to

12、help build Cogs arm coordination, the scientists put touch sensors in the robots belly(to give Cogs hand something at which to aim). Cog was then programmed to touch the sensors, but its response was so life-like(as each affected joint responded)that it looked as if the robot was exploring its body

13、almost exactly like a human baby. Before that, Cog was a fascinating toy, but with “skin“ it became a primitive human, although a mechanical one. Expanding Capabilities As robots like Cog become more,and more complex, their capabilities will expand rapidly into the work-a-day world, and certainly no

14、t as “pincers“ awkwardly controlled by human hands, but rather as independently functioning units controlled by their own programming. Although we have worked for years on computer models of how the human brain works, and even built a computer that can beat a chess master at his or her own game, we

15、have so far built pretty worthless robots. Why? The answer may lie in Cogs “embodied intelligence“. As long as scientists insisted that all intelligence was centrally located in a computer that received information and gave commands to the mechanical systems that enabled the robot to move, we failed

16、. Each joint and system has an intelligence of its own and reacts to stimuli on its own in addition to whatever commands it receives from the central computer. It is possible, perhaps probable, that Cog is successful because its systems are, at a most primitive level, mimicking our systems. That int

17、elligence and even memory is stored in our various body parts and systems as well as our minds. The fact that Cog “came alive“ when it was given skin(implanted with sensors)gives added meaning to therapeutic touch. As an interesting aside, in the 14th Century, Rabbi Abraham ibn Ezra interpreted the

18、words in Genesis 3: 21 “. and Yahweh made garments for the man and his wife and clothed them.“ The Rabbi thinks this means that Yahweh quite literally encased them in skin(their own skin, not an animals)and through this skin came knowledge of the world. Thus all human knowledge is “ embodied. “ It w

19、ould seem that MITs Artificial Intelligence researchers are just catching up with him! Present and Potential Application Today we have robots that assist with micro- and tele-surgery. We even have a home health robot that reminds people to take their medicine at the prescribed times, and dispenses t

20、he appropriate drug in. the prescribed dose. We have voice-activated computers that record, store, dispense and charge. We have monitor systems that watch, secure record and warn. We have computerized compliance systems that record and track and match and advise. What we need, like Cog, is a way of

21、connecting and integrating them while each maintains its own intelligence and its own interactivity. The potential of integrated applications in smart buildings, in decision-support environments(clinical and managerial), in medical technology, and patient monitoring-diagnosis-intervention(in the OR,

22、 in the ER, in the home), is as exciting as it is exotic. Soon, very soon, far sooner than most humans will be ready for it, MITs scientists are going to marry Kismet and Cog and then, Data move over! To take this thesis a step further, MITs AI researchers could join forces with neurobiologists whos

23、e work enables brain waves to be picked up, magnified and used to communicate and/or perform any function that a computer can perform. Humans actually could create their own doppelgangers(面貌极相似的人 ). Moreover, we are more than likely to live to see it happen. 1 Data is a robot who is_. （ A） created b

24、y the scientists from Massachusetts Institute of Technology （ B） an imaginary image in a science fiction world （ C） capable of doing all kinds of work （ D） good at nursing patients 2 Kismet reacts to its creators maybe by_. （ A） learning their facial expressions （ B） being programmed some codes acti

25、ng as a neuronal stimuli （ C） receiving demands his creators sent out （ D） learning from human babies 3 The scientists at MIT think that_will enlarge the possibility of creating humanoid robots. （ A） keeping robots in touch with infants often （ B） teaching robots knowledge instead of just programmin

26、g （ C） speaking to robots gently （ D） treating robots like humans 4 Cog can take cues directly from its environment because of_. （ A） a single central computer （ B） multiple separate mechanical systems （ C） independent “thinking“ machines （ D） touch sensors 5 After_, Cog can be called a primitive hu

27、man instead of a fascinating toy. （ A） being programmed （ B） having “skin“ （ C） having touch sensors （ D） getting “projected“ humanity 6 When robots capabilities expand into daily life, they can be programmed to_. （ A） control themselves （ B） beat a chess master （ C） work longer （ D） receive demand

28、7 Worthful robots should have various separated intelligence that can react to commands from the_as well as itself. （ A） mechanical system （ B） sensor （ C） creator （ D） central computer 8 We can infer from the passage that at present robots are widely used in_ and at homes. 9 MITs AI researchers may

29、 work together with_in the future to further the development of AI. 10 By saying “.to marry Kismet and Cog.“, the author means the scientists will _the functions of the two robots to create a new robot. 10 The Happiness Effect The next time you get the flu, there will almost certainly be someone you

30、 can blame for your pain. Theres the inconsiderate co-worker who decided to drag himself to the office and spent the day sniffling, sneezing and shivering in the cubicle next to yours. Or your childs best friend, the one who showed up for a playdate with a runny nose and a short supply of tissues. T

31、hen theres the guy at the gym who spent more time sneezing than sweating on the treadmill before you used it. Youre right to pass the blame. Pathogens(致病菌 )like the influenza virus pass like a holiday fruitcake from person to person, but you probably dont think much past the one who gave it directly

32、 to you. An infectious-disease expert, on the other hand, would not be satisfied to stop there. What about the person who passed the virus on to your colleague, the one before him and others earlier still? Contagious(传染性的 )diseases operate like a giant infectious network, spreading like the latest Y

33、ouTube clip a-mong friends of friends online. Were social animals; we share. So public-health experts are beginning to wonder whether certain health-related behaviors are just as contagious as microbes. If youre struggling with your weight, did you in effect catch a case of fat by learning poor eati

34、ng and exercise habits from a friend or family member who was similarly infected by someone else? If you smoke, do you light up because you were behaviorally contaminated by smokers who convinced you of the coolness of the habit? Even more important, if such unhealthy behaviors are contagious, are h

35、ealthy ones like quitting smoking or exercising equally so? And what if not only behaviors but also moods and mental states work the same way? Can you catch a case of happy? Increasingly, the answer seems to be yes. Thats the intriguing conclusion from a body of work by Harvard social scientist Dr.

36、Nicholas Christakis and his political-science colleague James Fowler at the University of California at San Diego. The pair created a sensation with their announcement earlier this month of a 20-year study showing that emotions can pass among a network of people up to three degrees of separation awa

37、y, so your joy may, to a larger extent than you realize, be determined by how cheerful your friends friends friends are, even if some of the people in this chain are total strangers to you. If thats so, it creates a whole new paradigm for the way people get sick and, more important, how to get them

38、healthy. It may mean that an individuals well-being is the product not just of his behaviors and emotions but more of the way they feed into a larger social network. Think of it as health Facebook-style. “We have a collective identity as a population that transcends individual identity, “ says Chris

39、takis. “This superorgan-ism has an anatomy(解剖学 ), physiology, structure and function that we are trying to understand.“ In their most recent paper, published in the British Medical Journal, Christakis and Fowler explored the emotional state of nearly 5,000 people and the more than 50, 000 social tie

40、s they shared. At three points during the long study, all the participants answered a standard questionnaire to determine their happiness level, so that the scientists could track changes in emotional state. That led to their intriguing finding of just how contagious happiness can be: if a subjects

41、friend was happy, that subject was 15% more likely to be happy too; if that friends friend was happy, the original subject was 10% more likely to be so. Even if the subjects friends friends friend entirely unknown to the subject was happy, the subject still got a 5.6% boost. The happiness chain also

42、 worked in the other direction, radiating from the subject out to her friends. The happiness dividend is more powerful if two people not only know each other but also are equally fond of each other. Happiness is more infectious in mutual relationships(in which both people name the other as a friend)

43、than in unreciprocated ones(in which only one is named). And its not just in sterile(无生气的 )study settings that the contagion of happiness is spreading. Christakis and Fowler noticed that people who are smiling on their Facebook pages tend to cluster together, forming an online social circle like a d

44、elirious flock of cyberbirds. And while some of this joy can certainly be traced to the copycat effect if your friends post smiling pictures, you might feel like a grouch(不高兴的人 )if you dont too Christakis and Fowler are analyzing the clusters to see if something more infectious might be at work. Ske

45、ptics raise other concerns, ones that go beyond the copycat effect. Couldnt happy people simply be exposed to similar lifestyles or social factors that explain their shared joy, such as favorable weather, low unemployment rates or a winning baseball team? If that were the case, argue the authors, th

46、en happiness would spread more uniformly among all the relationships; instead, it varied depending on whether the friendship was mutual or merely one-sided. As the investigators teased out these factors, they found that environment didnt have nearly the power that relationships did. The infectiousne

47、ss of happiness is only the latest in a series of similar phenomena Christakis and Fowler have studied. In 2007 they published a paper showing that obesity travels across webs in a similar way, with individuals having a 57% greater risk of being overweight if they have an obese friend. The same hold

48、s true for quitting smoking, with success 30% more common among friends of quitters than among friends of smokers. In all these cases, theres a predictable topography(地形 )to how people influence one another, one that can be reduced to a sort of social map. People who are central to their networks wh

49、o in effect are the hub through which most of the other relationships or information flows may have the most influence on others and in turn are the most influenced by them. But just because you start off at the center of your web does not guarantee that youll stay there. In the 1970s, smokers were more likely to occupy that focal position in their network of friends and family. Look at a similar social map today, and youll see that the smokers h