[外语类试卷]大学英语六级模拟试卷851及答案与解析.doc
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1、大学英语六级模拟试卷 851及答案与解析 一、 Part I Writing (30 minutes) 1 For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Should Online Virtual Assets Be Protected by Law? You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below. 1 是否应该将网络虚拟财产列入受法律保护的范围引起热议 2人们对此有不同的看法 3我认为 Should
2、 Online Virtual Assets Be Protected by Law? 二、 Part II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes) Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions attached to the passage. For questions 1-4, mark: Y (for YES) if the statement
3、agrees with the information given in the passage; N (for NO) if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage; NG (for NOT GIVEN) if the information is not given in the passage. 1 The Advantages of Being Helpless At every stage of early development, human babies lag behind infants f
4、rom other species. A kitten can walk slowly across a room within moments of birth and catch its first mouse within weeks, while its human counterpart takes months to make her first step, and years to learn even simple tasks, such as how to tie a shoelace or skip a rope. Yet, in the cognitive race, h
5、uman babies turn out to be much like the tortoise(乌龟 )in Aesops fable: emerging triumphant after a slow and steady climb to the finish. Yet, this victory seems puzzling. In the fable, the tortoise wins the race because the hare takes a nap. But, if anything, human infants nap even more than kittens!
6、 And unlike the noble tortoise, babies are helpless, and more to the point, hopeless. They could not learn the basic skills necessary to their independent survival. How do human babies manage to turn things around in the end? In a recent article in Current Directions in Psychological Science, Sharon
7、 Thompson-Schill, Michael Ramscar and Evangelia Chrysikou make the case that this very helplessness is what allows human babies to advance far beyond other animals. They propose that our delayed cortical development(皮质发育 )is precisely what enables us to acquire the cultural building blocks, such as
8、language, that make up the foundations of human achievement. In the same way, they suggest, our ability to learn language comes at the price of an extended period of cognitive immaturity. This claim hinges on a peculiar and unique feature of our cognitive architecture: the stunningly slow developmen
9、t of the prefrontal cortex(前额皮质 ), or PFC. The PFC is often referred to as the “control“ center of the brain. One of its main functions is of selectively filtering information from the senses, allowing us to attend to specific actions, goals, or tasks. For this reason, “cognitive control“ tasks are
10、thought to be one of the best assessors of PFC function and maturity. The Stroop task(斯特鲁法 )serves as a simple assessor of PFC function in adults. The task involves naming the ink color of a contrasting color word: for example, you might see the word “red“ written in green ink, in which case you hav
11、e to say “ green. “ Tricky or not, healthy adults can successfully complete the task with only minor hesitation. Children, with their immature PFCs, are a different story. Typically, the younger children are, the worse they are at solving Stroop-like tasks, and under the age of four, they outright f
12、ail them. While young children are sensitive, apt learners, and often appear to fully understand what is being asked of them, they are unable to mediate the conflicting demands present in these sorts of tasks, and thus fail them, time and time again. Three-year olds simply cannot direct how they att
13、end to or respond to the world. Thompson-Schill and her colleagues suggest that this inability to direct attention has important consequences when it comes to learning about uncertain events. For example, imagine you are playing a guessing game: You have to choose one of two options, either A or B,
14、one of which leads to a prize, and the other does not. After a few rounds, you notice that about 3/4 of the time the prize is at A, and the rest of the time it is at B, so you decide to guess “A“ 75 percent of the time and “B“ 25 percent of the time. This is called probability matching, and it is th
15、e response pattern most adults tend to adopt in these circumstances. However, if the goal is to win the most prizes, it is not the best strategy. In fact, to maximize the number of correct predictions, you should always pick the more frequent outcome(or, in this case, always pick “ A“). Interestingl
16、y, if you were playing this kind of guessing game with a kid, you would see that he would employ the maximization strategy almost immediately because they lack the cognitive flexibility that would allow them to alternate between A and B. Fortunately for them, in this guessing game scenario, maximiza
17、tion is the right choice. While it may not be immediately obvious what this has to do with language learning, it just might have everything to do with it, because language relies on conventions. In order for language to work, speakers and listeners have to have the same idea about what things mean,
18、and they have to use words in similar ways. This is where children come in. Young children, as it turns out, act like finely tuned antennas(天线 ), picking up the dominant frequency in their surroundings and ignoring the static. Because of this because children tend to pick up on what is common and co
19、nsistent, while ignoring what is variable and unreliable they end up homing in on and reproducing only the most frequent patterns in what they hear. In doing so they fail to learn many of the subtleties and characteristics present in adult speech(they will come to learn or invent those later). Howev
20、er, this one-track learning style means that what they do learn is highly conventionalized. The superiority of childrens convention learning has been revealed in a series of ingenious studies by psychologists Carta Hudson-Kam and Elissa Newport, who tested how children and adults react to variable a
21、nd inconsistent input when learning an artificial language. Strikingly, Hudson-Kam and Newport found that while children tended to ignore “noise“ in the input, systematizing any variations they were exposed to, adults did just the opposite, and reproduced the variability they encountered. Childrens
22、inability to filter their learning allows them to impose order on variable, inconsistent input, and this appears to play a crucial part in the establishment of stable linguistic norms. Studies of deaf children have shown that even when parental attempts at sign are error-prone and inconsistent, chil
23、dren still extract the conventions of a standard sign language from them. Indeed, the variable patterns produced by parents who learn sign language offers insight into what might happen if children did not maximize in learning: language, as a system, would become less conventional. What words meant
24、and the patterns in which they were used would become more unstable, and all languages would begin to resemble pidgins(混杂语言 ). While no language is completely stable, there is a balance to be struck between an individuals expressivity and the conventions that underpin it, and children clearly play a
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- 外语类 试卷 大学 英语六级 模拟 851 答案 解析 DOC
