[外语类试卷]专业英语八级(改错)模拟试卷186及答案与解析.doc
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1、专业英语八级(改错)模拟试卷 186及答案与解析 一、 PART III LANGUAGE USAGE 0 The question of whether languages shape the way we think go back centuries; Charlemagne proclaimed that “ to have a second【 S1】 _ language is to have a second soul“. But the idea went out of favor to【 S2】 _ scientists when Noam Chomskys theories
2、of language gained popularity in the 1960s and 1970s. Dr. Chomsky proposed that there was a universal grammar for all human languages essentially,【 S3】 _ that languages dont really differ from one another in significant ways. And because languages didnt differ from one another, the theory went, it m
3、ade none sense to ask whether linguistic differences【 S4】 _ led to differences in thinking. The search for the linguistic universals yielded interesting【 S5】 _ data on languages, and after decades of work, not a single【 S6】 _ proposing universal has withstood scrutiny. Instead, as linguists【 S7】 _ p
4、robed deeper into the worlds languages(7,000 or so, only a fraction of them analyzed), innumerable predictable differences【 S8】 _ emerged. Of course, just because people talk differently doesnt necessarily mean they think differently. In the past decade, cognitive scientists have begun to measure no
5、t just how people talk, also how they think, asking whether our understanding of even such【 S9】 _ fundamental domains of experience that space, time and causality【 S10】 _ could be constructed by language. 1 【 S1】 2 【 S2】 3 【 S3】 4 【 S4】 5 【 S5】 6 【 S6】 7 【 S7】 8 【 S8】 9 【 S9】 10 【 S10】 10 Language a
6、nd culture are not fundamentally inseparable. At the most basic level, language is a method of expressing ideas. That is, language is communication; while usually verbal, language can also be visual(via signs and symbols), or semiotics(via hand or body gestures). Culture, on the other hand, is a spe
7、cial set of【 S1】 _ ideas, practices, customs and beliefs which make up a functioning society as distinct. A culture must have at most one language, which it uses as a【 S2】 _ distinct media of communication to convey its defining ideas,【 S3】 _ customs, beliefs, et al. , from one member of the culture
8、 to any【 S4】 _ member. Cultures can develop multiple languages, or “ borrow“ languages from other cultures to use; not all of such languages are【 S5】 _ co-equal in the culture. One of the major defining characteristics of culture is which language is the primary means of communication in【 S6】 _ that
9、 culture; sociologists and anthropologists draw lines among【 S7】 _ similar cultures heavily based on the prevalent language usage. Languages, on the other hand, can be developed(or evolve) apart from its originated culture. Certain language has scope for【 S8】 _ cross-cultural adaptations and communi
10、cation, and may not actually be part of some culture. Additionally, many languages are used by【 S9】 _ different cultures(that is, the same language can be used in several cultures). Language is heavily influenced by culture as cultures come out with new ideas, they develop language components to exp
11、ress【 S10】 _ those ideas. The reverse is also true: the limits of a language can define what is expressible in a culture(that is, the limits of a language can prevent certain concepts from being part of a culture). 11 【 S1】 12 【 S2】 13 【 S3】 14 【 S4】 15 【 S5】 16 【 S6】 17 【 S7】 18 【 S8】 19 【 S9】 20 【
12、 S10】 20 Natural language interfaces enable the user to communicate with the computer in French, English, German, or a human【 S1】 _ language. Some applications of such interfaces are database queries, information retrieval from texts, so-called expert systems, and robot control. Current advances in
13、recognition of spoken【 S2】 _ language improve the usability of many types of natural language systems. Communication with computers using spoken language will have a lasted impact upon the work environment, completely new【 S3】 _ areas of application for information technology will open up. However,
14、spoken language needs to be combined to other modes of【 S4】 _ communication such as pointing with mouse or finger. Because such【 S5】 _ multimodal communication is finally embedded in an effective general model of cooperation, we have succeeded in turning the machine to a partner. Much older than com
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