[外语类试卷]专业英语八级(改错)模拟试卷184及答案与解析.doc
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1、专业英语八级(改错)模拟试卷 184及答案与解析 一、 PART III LANGUAGE USAGE 0 There are different theories of Language Development. The learning perspective argues that children imitate what they see and hear, and what children learn from punishment and reinforcement.【 S1】 _ The main theorist associated with the learning p
2、erspective is B. F. Skinner. Skinner argued that adults shape the speech of children by reinforcing the babbling of infants that sound mostly like words. The【 S2】 _ nativist perspective argues that humans are biologically programming【 S3】 _ to gain knowledge. The main theorist associated with this p
3、erspective is Noam Chomsky. Chomsky proposed that all humans have a language acquisition device(LAD). The LAD contains knowledge of grammatical rules common in all languages. The LAD also allows【 S4】 _ children to understand the rules of however language they are【 S5】 _ listening to. Chomsky also de
4、veloped the concepts of transformational grammar, surface structure, and deep structure. Transformational grammar is grammar that transforms a sentence. Surface structures are words that are actually written. Deep structure is underlying message or meaning of a sentence. Interactionists argue【 S6】 _
5、 that language development is both biological and social. Interactionists argue that language learning is influenced by the desire of children to communicate with any others. Interactionists【 S7】 _ argue that “ children are born in a powerful brain that matures slowly【 S8】 _ and predisposes them to
6、require new understandings that they are【 S9】 _ motivated to share with others“. The main theorist associated with interactionist theory is Lev Vygotsky. Interactionists focus on Vygotskys model of collaborative learning. Collaborative learning is the idea that conversations with younger people can
7、help children【 S10】 _ both cognitively and linguistically. 1 【 S1】 2 【 S2】 3 【 S3】 4 【 S4】 5 【 S5】 6 【 S6】 7 【 S7】 8 【 S8】 9 【 S9】 10 【 S10】 10 What was the first language? How did language begin, and where and when? Until recently, a sensible linguist would likely to【 S1】 _ respond to such question
8、s with a shrug and a sigh. As Bernard Campbell states flatly in Humankind Emerging, “We simply do not know, or never will, how or when language began. “ Its hard to【 S2】 _ imagine a cultural phenomenon thats less important than the【 S3】 _ development of language. And yet no human attribute offers le
9、ss conclusive evidence regarded its origins. The mystery, says Christine【 S4】 _ Kenneally in her book The First Word, lies in the nature of the spoken word: For all their power to wound and seduce, speech is our【 S5】 _ most ephemeral creation; it is little more than air. It exits the body as series
10、of puffs and dissipates quickly into the atmosphere. There【 S6】 _ are no verbs preserved in amber, no ossified nouns, and no prehistorical shrieks forever spread-eagled in the lava that took them in surprise. The absence of such evidence certainly hasnt【 S7】 _ discouraged speculating in the origins
11、of language. Over the【 S8】 _ centuries, many theories have been put out, and just about all of【 S9】 _ them have been challenged, discounted, and often ridiculed. Each theory accounts for only a small part of whatever we know about【 S10】 _ language. 11 【 S1】 12 【 S2】 13 【 S3】 14 【 S4】 15 【 S5】 16 【 S
12、6】 17 【 S7】 18 【 S8】 19 【 S9】 20 【 S10】 20 Language is a cognition that truly makes us human. Whereas other species do communicate with innate ability to produce a【 S1】 _ limited number of meaningful vocalisations(e. g. bonobos), or even with partially learned systems(e. g. bird songs), there is no
13、other species known to date that can express infinite ideas (sentences)with a limited set of symbols(speech sounds and words). This ability is remarkable in it. What makes it even more【 S2】 _ remarkable is that researchers are finding evidence for mastery of this complex skill in increasingly younge
14、r children. Infants as young as 12 months are reported to have sensitivity in the grammar needed【 S3】 _ to understand causative sentences(who did what to whom; e. g. the bunny pushed the frog). Before more than 60 years of research into【 S4】 _ children language development, the mechanism that enable
15、s【 S5】 _ children to segment syllables and words out of the strings of sounds they hear, and to acquire grammar to understand and produce language are still quite an enigma.【 S6】 _ One of the earliest scientific explanations of language acquisition was provided by Skinner. As one of the pioneers of
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- 外语类 试卷 专业 英语 改错 模拟 184 答案 解析 DOC
