[外语类试卷]专业英语八级(改错)模拟试卷168及答案与解析.doc
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1、专业英语八级(改错)模拟试卷 168及答案与解析 一、 PART III LANGUAGE USAGE 0 A major aspect of many firms marketing strategies over the past decade have been the development of new products.【 M1】 _ Consumer-product companies are launching nearly 30,000 new products each year, according to the research firm Marketing Intel
2、ligence Service(compared with only 2,689 in 1980). The market has become saturated new brands, which often lack any【 M2】 _ significant advantages that can be used as the base of an【 M3】 _ advertising campaign. Moreover, companies increasingly depend【 M4】 _ on sales promotion to encourage consumers t
3、o try these brands. Marketers are relying less on samples, coupons, rebates,【 M5】 _ premiums, and other innovatively promotional tools to achieve【 M6】 _ trial usage of their new brands and encourage repeat purchase. Promotions are also important in getting retailers to allocate some of their preciou
4、s shelf space by new brands. The competition for【 M7】 _ shelf space for new products in stores is enormous. Supermarkets carry an average of 30,000 products(compared with 13,067 in 1982). Retailers favor of new brands with strong sales promotion【 M8】 _ support will bring in more customers and boost
5、their sales and【 M9】 _ profits. Many retailers require special discounts or allowances from manufacturers just to handle a new product. These slotting fees or allowances, which are discussed later in the chapter, can make it expensive for a manufacture to introduce a new product.【 M10】 _ 1 【 M1】 2 【
6、 M2】 3 【 M3】 4 【 M4】 5 【 M5】 6 【 M6】 7 【 M7】 8 【 M8】 9 【 M9】 10 【 M10】 10 At the turn of the 20th century, Dutch physician Christiaan Eijkman showed that disease can be caused not only by microorganisms but by a dietary efficiency of certain substances【 M1】 _ now called vitamins. In 1909 German bact
7、eriologist Paul Ehrlich introduced the worlds first bactericide, a chemical designed to kill specific kinds of bacteria with killing the patients cells as well.【 M2】 _ Following the discovery of penicillin in 1928 by British bacteriologist Sir Alexander Fleming, antibiotics joined medicines chemical
8、 armory, making the fight against bacterial infection almost a routine matter. Antibiotics cannot act as viruses, but【 M3】 _ vaccines have been used to greatly effect to prevent some of the【 M4】 _ deadliest viral diseases. Smallpox, once a worldwide killer, was completely eradicated by the late 1970
9、s, and in the United States a【 M5】 _ number of polio cases dropped from 38,000 in the 1950s to less than 10 a year by the 21st century. By the middle of the 20th century scientists believed they were well on the way to treating, preventing, or eradicating many of the most deadly infectious diseases
10、that plagued humankind for【 M6】 _ centuries. And by the 1980s the medical communitys confidence【 M7】 _ in its ability to control the infectious diseases had been shaken by【 M8】 _ the emergency of new types of disease-causing microorganisms.【 M9】 _ New cases of tuberculosis developed, caused by bacte
11、ria strains that were resistant to antibiotics. New, deadly infections on which【 M10】 _ there was no known cure also appeared, including the viruses that cause hemorrhagic fever and the human immunodeficiency virus (HTV), the cause of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. 11 【 M1】 12 【 M2】 13 【 M3】 14
12、 【 M4】 15 【 M5】 16 【 M6】 17 【 M7】 18 【 M8】 19 【 M9】 20 【 M10】 20 Probably for as long as there have been sales forces, managers have sought ways to determine whether they are effective or not. In the past, salespeople were estimated on the【 M1】 _ basis of their sales that is, did they reach their sa
13、les quotas? With【 M2】 _ the role of the sales force changed from being purely concerned with selling to becoming more involved in marketing and took【 M3】 _ more responsible for maintaining customer relationships, managers recognized the need for expanding evaluative criteria beyond just the achievem
14、ent of sales goals. The evaluation criteria of today are vast different from those in the past. Sure, sales are still important,【 M4】 _ but now other measures are gaining in importance as well. One of the more often discussed measures is ROI(return on investment). More and more top executives are as
15、king their sales managers for accountant as in “Are we getting the returns we【 M5】 _ seek from the sales force?“ The idea is that by measuring the impact of programs designing to aid the selling process as well as【 M6】 _ measuring sales closures, the marketing team can be more effective and efficien
16、t. Fortunately, it isnt always that easy. In a【 M7】 _ survey conducted in 2002 of companies with a marketing budget of $1 million or more, 56 percent indicated they had no system for measuring the ROI on their marketing investments. As noted by David Reibstein of the University of Pennsylvania s Wha
17、rton School of Business, “In marketing, benefits as advertising impact【 M8】 _ arent easily put into dollar returns. It takes a leap faith to come【 M9】 _ with a number.“ Marketers know that it is often difficult to separate advertising, promotions, and other communications efforts in【 M10】 _ the sell
18、ing effort. 21 【 M1】 22 【 M2】 23 【 M3】 24 【 M4】 25 【 M5】 26 【 M6】 27 【 M7】 28 【 M8】 29 【 M9】 30 【 M10】 30 Besides concerns about how ads affect individuals, critics have raised ethical issues about how advertising affects society. For example, J. K. Galbraith argued that advertising creates the desi
19、res that the production of consumer goods then satisfy. Others【 M1】 _ accuse advertising for creating a materialistic society full of【 M2】 _ people think that happiness lies in owning things and who are【 M3】 _ obsessed with buying consumer goods. These critics think we are creating a society in whic
20、h private goods are plentiful and in【 M4】 _ which public goods, which are seldom advertised, are ignored a society rich in private cars but whose highways and streets are disintegrating. Ads drive selfish consumption on the expense of【 M5】 _ friendship, community, art, and truth. Furthermore, advert
21、ising allows the system to “buy off“ political unsatisfied people with【 M6】 _ promises and consumer goods, leading to political apathy and the undermining of democracy. However, there are many who think these sorts of criticisms exaggerate the impact of ads on society. Major social changes are cause
22、d by advertising; ads follow【 M7】 _ social trends, and they dont create them. This debate centers on two perhaps resolvable issues. First, there is the empirical question of【 M8】 _ how much impact advertising has on society; this is difficult to answer because the effect of ads cannot be separated f
23、rom other social forces, and because it is hard to determine whether ads cause or follow social trends. Second, there is the ethical question of whether the purported effects, such as materialism, are morally objective. Perhaps it is more helpful to look at specific issues【 M9】 _ rather than the soc
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- 外语类 试卷 专业 英语 改错 模拟 168 答案 解析 DOC
