ASHRAE RP-1674-2014 Geothermal Heating and Cooling Design of Ground-Source Heat Pump Systems.pdf

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1、RP-1674Geothermal Heating and CoolingDesign of Ground-Source Heat Pump SystemsSteve KavanaughKevin RaffertyGeothermal Heating and Cooling Design of Ground-Source Heat Pump SystemsBest Practices for Designing Geothermal SystemsGeothermal Heating and Cooling is a complete revision of Ground-Source Hea

2、t Pumps: Design of Geothermal Systems for Commercial and Institutional Buildings, which is recognized as the primary reference for nonresidential ground-source heat pump (GSHP) installations. This new work takes advantage of the many lessons learned since the time of the original publication, when G

3、SHPs were primarily residential applications. Many improvements have evolved, and performance data, both positive and negative, is now available to guide the development of best practices. This essential guide for HVAC design engineers, design-build contractors, GSHP subcontractors, and energy/const

4、ruction managers also provides building owners and architects with insights into characteristics of quality engineering firms and the information that should be provided by design firms competing for GSHP projects.This revision draws on new ASHRAE and industry research in critical areas, as well as

5、measured data from long-term installations and optimized installation practices used by high-production GSHP contractors. Nearly all chapters and appendices were completely rewritten, and they include coverage of closed-loop ground (ground-coupled), groundwater, and surface-water systems plus GSHP e

6、quipment and piping. Additional information on site characterization has been added, including a new hydrogeological chapter. Another new chapter contains results of recent field studies, energy and demand characteristics, and updated information to optimize GSHP system cost. While other publication

7、s deal primarily with ground-coupled heat pumps, this text includes detailed coverage of groundwater, surface-water, and GSHP costs.Tables, graphs, and equations are provided in both Inch-Pound (I-P) and International System (SI) units. As a bonus, supplemental MicrosoftExcelmacro-enabled spreadshee

8、ts for a variety of GSHP calculations accompany the text.1791 Tullie CIrcleAtlanta, GA 30329-2305404.636.8400 (worldwide)www.ashrae.orgISBN 978-1-936504-85-5Product code: 90318 12/149 781936 504855589 781936 5048555A Complete Guide to Design of Ground-Coupled, Groundwater, and Surface-Water Systems

9、for Commercial and Institutional BuildingsGeothermal Book Cover.indd 1 11/13/2014 4:05:18 PMGeothermalHeating andCoolingF1_Front.fm Page i Wednesday, November 12, 2014 3:17 PMThis publication was supported by ASHRAE Research Project RP-1674under the auspices of ASHRAE Technical Committee 6.8,Geother

10、mal Heat Pump and Energy Recovery Applications.Results of Cooperative Research between ASHRAE and Energy Information Services.CONTRIBUTORSSteve KavanaughUniversity of AlabamaNorthport, AL(Chapters 16, 9)Kevin RaffertyConsulting EngineerKlamath Falls, OR(Chapters 78)PROJECT MONITORING SUBCOMMITTEEBil

11、l Murphy, PhD, PE, ChairUniversity of Kentucky, Paducah CampusPaducah, KYJeremy Fauber, PEHeapy EngineeringWest Chester, OHSteve Hamstra, PEGreensleeves LLCZeeland, MIMichael KukCERx SolutionsOswego, ILLisa Meline, PEMeline EngineeringSacramento, CAGary Phetteplace, PhD, PEGWA ResearchLyme, NHUpdate

12、s/errata for this publication will be posted on theASHRAE website at www.ashrae.org/publicationupdates.F1_Front.fm Page ii Wednesday, November 12, 2014 3:17 PMRP-1674GeothermalHeating andCoolingDesign of Ground-SourceHeat Pump SystemsSteve KavanaughKevin RaffertyAtlantaF1_Front.fm Page iii Wednesday

13、, November 12, 2014 3:17 PMISBN 978-1-936504-85-5 2014 ASHRAE1791 Tullie Circle, NEAtlanta, GA 30329www.ashrae.orgAll rights reserved.Cover Design by Tracy BeckerASHRAE is a registered trademark in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, owned by the American Society ofHeating, Refrigerating and Air-C

14、onditioning Engineers, Inc.ASHRAE has compiled this publication with care, but ASHRAE has not investigated, and ASHRAE expressly dis-claims any duty to investigate, any product, service, process, procedure, design, or the like that may bedescribed herein. The appearance of any technical data or edit

15、orial material in this publication does not consti-tute endorsement, warranty, or guaranty by ASHRAE of any product, service, process, procedure, design, or thelike. ASHRAE does not warrant that the information in the publication is free of errors, and ASHRAE does not nec-essarily agree with any sta

16、tement or opinion in this publication. The entire risk of the use of any information in thispublication is assumed by the user.No part of this publication may be reproduced without permission in writing from ASHRAE, except by a reviewerwho may quote brief passages or reproduce illustrations in a rev

17、iew with appropriate credit, nor may any part ofthis publication be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any way or by any meanselec-tronic, photocopying, recording, or otherwithout permission in writing from ASHRAE. Requests for permissionshould be submitted at www.ashrae.org

18、/permissions.Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataKavanaugh, Stephen P., author.Geothermal heating and cooling : design of ground-source heat pump systems / Stephen P. Kavanaugh, Kevin D. Rafferty.pages cm.“RP-1674.“Includes bibliographical references and index.Summary: “Best practices

19、for designing nonresidential geothermal systems (ground-source heat pump, closed-loop ground,groundwater, and surface-water systems) for HVAC design engineers, design-build contractors, GSHP subcontractors, andenergy/construction managers; includes supplemental Microsoft Excel macro-enabled spreadsh

20、eets for a variety of GSHP cal-culations“- Provided by publisher.ISBN 978-1-936504-85-5 (hardcover : alk. paper)1. Ground source heat pump systems. 2. Heat pumps-Design and construction. I. Rafferty, Kevin D., author. II. AmericanSociety of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers. III.

21、 Title.TH7417.5.K38 2014697-dc232014037451ASHRAE STAFF SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS Mark S. Owen, Editor/Group Manager ofHandbook and Special PublicationsCindy Sheffield Michaels, Managing EditorJames Madison Walker, Associate EditorSarah Boyle, Assistant EditorLauren Ramsdell, Editorial AssistantMichshell

22、Phillips, Editorial CoordinatorPUBLISHING SERVICES David Soltis, Group Manager of PublishingServices and Electronic CommunicationsJayne Jackson, Publication Traffic AdministratorTracy Becker, Graphics SpecialistPUBLISHER W. Stephen ComstockF1_Front.fm Page iv Wednesday, November 12, 2014 3:17 PMThis

23、 book is dedicated to our friend Ralph Cadwallader, a tall Texan whose companyinstalled hundreds of miles of vertical ground loops and countless water wells. He was oneof the early pioneers of high-production closed-loop ground-source heat pump installa-tions for commercial and institutional buildin

24、gs. Ralph also contributed immeasurably tothe industry through his participation in such organizations as the National Ground WaterAssociation (past president), the Geothermal Heat Pump Consortium, and the Interna-tional Ground Source Heat Pump Association. May he rest in peace!F1_Front.fm Page v We

25、dnesday, November 12, 2014 3:17 PMDr. Steve Kavanaugh, Fellow ASHRAE, Fellow ASME, served as a professor of mechanical engineer-ing at the University of Alabama from 1984 to 2007 and is now Professor Emeritus. He was the owner ofEnergy Information Services from 1993 to 2012 and currently maintains t

26、he website , aresource of HVAC and GSHP information and design tools.Kavanaugh is the author of the ASHRAE publication HVAC Simplified (2006) as well as numerousother articles, and he has presented more than 140 GSHP and HVAC seminars to more than 4500 attendeeson the topics of ground-source heat pu

27、mps, energy efficiency, and HVAC. These include ASHRAE profes-sional development seminars (PDSs), short courses, and several local chapter-sponsored sessions. In 2001,he was the recipient of ASHRAEs Crosby Field Award for the highest-rated paper presented at anASHRAE Technical Session, Symposium, or

28、 Poster Session for the year.Kavanaugh is the Handbook Subcommittee chair of ASHRAE Technical Committee (TC) 6.8, Geo-thermal Energy, and has served as chair of both TC 6.8 and the now merged TC 9.4, Applied Heat Pumpsand Heat Recovery. He was also an ASHRAE Scholarship Trustee in 201314. He served

29、as the chair ofthe Board of Directors of Habitat for Humanity of Tuscaloosa from 20012003 and 20102011, and hewas the construction supervisor for five homes of Habitat for Humanity of Tuscaloosa.He has lived in a home heated and cooled by a GSHP for 30 years.Kevin Rafferty, PE, is a consulting engin

30、eer and former Associate Director of the Oregon Institute ofTechnology Geo-Heat Center. He is the coauthor of the original GSHP book and served as co-editor of theASHRAE special publication Commercial Ground Source Heat Pump Systems (19921995). He is also theprincipal author of Geothermal Direct Use

31、 Engineering and Design Guidebook (1998, Oregon Institute ofTechnology).Rafferty has served as Handbook subcommittee chair of TC 6.8 for 16 years and as TC 6.8 chair. Hewas co-presenter of both the ASHRAE short course and the professional development seminar coveringGSHP systems.He has served as cha

32、ir of the National Ground Water Association Geothermal Interest Group and haspresented seminars on GSHPs for such clients as utilities, universities, professional associations, the U.S.Army Corps of Engineers, Geothermal Resources Council, and ASHRAE.He has been involved the HVAC industry since 1972

33、, rising from service technician through engineer-ing and research roles to retirement in 2012.Steve KavanaughKevin RaffertyF1_Front.fm Page vi Wednesday, November 12, 2014 3:17 PMPreface . xiAcknowledgments xiiiSymbols, Acronyms, and Abbreviations1 Introduction to Ground-Source Heat Pumpsxv1.1 Over

34、view, Nomenclature, and GSHP Types.11.2 Ground-Coupled Heat Pumps31.3 Groundwater Heat Pumps.41.4 Surface-Water Heat Pumps51.5 Exterior and Building Loop Piping Options .71.6 Field Study Results 71.7 Preliminary Assessment, Design Steps, and Deliverables 121.8 References 152 Equipment for Ground-Sou

35、rce Applications2.1 Heat Pump Types 172.2 Water-Source Heat Pump Standards .252.3 Performance of Water-Source Heat Pumps272.4 GSHP System Performance 382.5 Suggested GSHP Specifications.422.6 Outdoor Air and GSHPs422.7 References 493 Fundamentals ofVertical Ground Heat Exchanger Design3.1 Overview51

36、3.2 Equations for Required Ground Heat Exchanger Length .523.3 Borehole Thermal Resistance .583.4 Ground Thermal Resistance and Basic Heat Exchanger Design .673.5 GCHP Site Assessment: Ground Thermal Properties 73ContentsdddF2_TOC.fm Page vii Thursday, November 13, 2014 10:57 AMviii Geothermal Heati

37、ng and Cooling3.6 GCHP Site Evaluation: Thermal Property Tests.763.7 Long-Term Ground Temperature Change .813.8 Comments on the Design of Vertical Ground Heat Exchangers 893.9 References 894 Applied Ground-Coupled Heat PumpSystem Design4.1 System Design Overview.914.2 Applied Design Procedure for Ve

38、rtical GCHPs (Steps 110).934.3 Design Alternatives (Step 11) 1104.4 Performance Verification and Necessary Documents .1214.5 References .1225 Surface-Water Heat Pumps5.1 Introduction 1255.2 Heat Transfer in Reservoirs1285.3 Thermal Patterns in Reservoirs and Streams1325.4 Fundamentals of Closed-Loop

39、 Surface-Water Heat Exchangers1395.5 Closed-Loop Surface-Water Heat Exchangers 1445.6 Circuits and Layout of Surface-Water Heat Exchangers.1545.7 Open-Loop Surface-Water Heat Pump Systems .1625.8 Direct Cooling and Precooling with Surface-Water Systems .1645.9 Heat Transfer in GSHP Headers 1695.10 E

40、nvironmental Impact of Surface-Water Heat Pumps.1735.11 Recommendations for the Design of Surface-Water Heat Pumps .1765.12 References .1776 Piping and Pumps for Closed-LoopGround-Source Heat Pumps6.1 Overview of GCHP and SWHP Piping Systems and Pumps 1796.2 Impact of Pump Power .1826.3 Impact of Pu

41、mp Energy.1856.4 Piping Fundamentals.1896.5 Pipe Materials, Dimensions, and Loss Characteristics 1906.6 Pump Fundamentals .1986.7 Closed-Loop Water Distribution System Design Procedure2016.8 Pump Control and Heat Pump Connections 2086.9 Ground-Loop Piping Circuits 2146.10 Summary of Piping and Pump

42、Design Guidelines 2236.11 References .2247 Hydrology, Water Wells, and Site Evaluation7.1 Groundwater Hydrology 2257.2 Water Well Terminology 2307.3 Common Water Well Completion Variations 233F2_TOC.fm Page viii Thursday, November 13, 2014 10:57 AMContents ix7.4 Selected Topics in Water Well Constru

43、ction and Design 2367.5 Site Evaluation for GWHP Systems .2437.6 References .2618 Groundwater Heat Pump System Design8.1 Introduction 2638.2 General Design Approach .2688.3 Production/Injection Well Separation2748.4 Building Loop Pumping for GWHP 2768.5 Well Pumps 2768.6 Heat Exchangers 2918.7 Syste

44、m Design Example 2968.8 GWHP Economics .3118.9 References .3189 GSHP Performance and Installation Cost9.1 Field Study Performance Results .3219.2 Prediction of the Performance of GSHP Design Options 3339.3 Field Study Installation Cost Results 3389.4 Estimation of the Cost of GSHP Design Options .34

45、79.5 Characteristics of Quality GSHPs .3569.6 References .358Appendix AConversion FactorsAppendix BStandards and Recommendationsfor GSHP Components and ProceduresAppendix CPressure Ratings andCollapse Depths for Thermoplastic PipeC.1 High-Density Polyethylene Pipe Pressure Ratings .363C.2 Fiberglass

46、-Core Polypropylene Pipe Pressure Ratings363C.3 HDPE Pipe Collapse Depths .363C.4 References .367Appendix DVertical-LoopInstallation Equipment and ProceduresD.1 Vertical-Loop Drilling Methods .369D.2 Vertical-Loop Installation370D.3 Vertical-Loop Backfill and Grouting .370D.4 References .373Appendix

47、 EExample of Field Study ResultsE.1 County Water Agency Operations and Maintenance Office 375F2_TOC.fm Page ix Thursday, November 13, 2014 10:57 AMAppendix FProperties of Antifreeze SolutionsAppendix GVolumes of Liquids in PipeAppendix HHigh-Density Polyethylene andPolypropylene Pipe Fusion MethodsA

48、ppendix IDetermination and Impact ofGround Coil Flow Imbalancex Geothermal Heating and CoolingI.1 Flow Imbalance in Closed-Loop GSHPs .387I.1 References .388Appendix JGrain Size ClassificationAppendix KWell Drilling MethodsK.1 Cable Tool Drilling .391K.2 Conventional Rotary Drilling .392K.3 Air Rota

49、ry Drilling395K.4 Air Hammer Drilling 397K.5 Drilling Method Effectiveness 398K.6 Reference398Appendix LWell Flow Test andWater Chemistry Analysis SpecificationAppendix MExample Well Chemical andBiological Analysis ResultsM.1 Example .403M.2 Reference405Appendix NWell Problems andStrategies to Avoid ThemN.1 Understanding Well Problems407N.2 References .410Appendix OHeat ExchangerTemperature Prediction SpreadsheetO.1 Spreadsheet Tool411O.2 Reference414Index415F2_TOC.fm Page x Thursday, November 13, 2014 10:57 AMGeothermal Heati