ASHRAE JOURN 40-4 VHL-1998 ASHRAE Journal《ASHRAE日报第40卷第4号 1998年4月》.pdf

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1、COPYRIGHT American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and AC EngineersLicensed by Information Handling Services129 150 D Make sure youre installing smoke dampers with modulating actuators that have been certfied for the application. Johnson Controls introduces newdampersthat meet thelatest UL standar

2、ds for both smoke and modulated air volume con- trol. Our new smoke control dampers, in combination with pneumatic modulating actu- ators, meet both UL Class I and Class II leakage standards. And theyre available in ratings of 250F or 350“ F, with opposed or parallel blades and vertical or horizonta

3、l mounting. Considering the con- sequences of a smoke damper that fails during a true emergency, do you really want to take chances with anything else? Contact your Johnson Controls representative. Or call 1-800-972-8040, ext. 213. Our dampers have passed UL inspection. Will yours? J “SON CONT 8 Ls

4、Ql?%JobmbnmL ADRP-971U (Circle No. 1 on Reader Service Card) COPYRIGHT American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and AC EngineersLicensed by Information Handling ServicesJ (kwm DOWTHERM and DOWFROST Heat Transfer Fluids http:/specialty/heat/heat. html Trademark of The Dow Chemical Company (Circle N

5、O. 4 on Reader Service Card) COPYRIGHT American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and AC EngineersLicensed by Information Handling ServicesCOPYRIGHT American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and AC EngineersLicensed by Information Handling Servicescz3 u COMMUNICATIONS- MEDICAL-Process Fluid COMPUTI

6、NG AND MORE- INDUSTRIAL-Industrial Cooling SeriesTH combines InteleCooP is enclosed in ChillerTM includes models for ChallengerTl 3000 pmVid.0 computer-room precision a corrosion- and weather- industrial and medical and reliability with proof cabinet. Positive applications. Unique close than 7.5 squ

7、are feet of industrial durability. airflow maintains coupling design and non- floor space. With a mll Available from 10 to 60 cleanliness. Rugged scroll ferrous components supply compressor, A-Frame colt tons, it is corrosion compressor ensures high and three levels of micro resistant, and provides

8、high reliability and efficiency. cooled water. Year-round processor control. it meets static air discharge and Fully packaged and factory- the needs of small compu 51 of these working places were naturally ventilated. In the examined buildings, pollution of the indoor air with microorganisms was mod

9、erate. However, fungi and bac- teria appeared to flourish in non-condi- tioned offices rather than in air-condi- tioned ones. The amount of microorgan- isms seemed to depend on the efficiency of air-conditioning units: At an air change rate of less than 1.0 per hour, the aver- age microbial content

10、was higher than at a change rate of more than 1.0. Poor Servicing Contrary to previous assumptions, the ProKlimA examinations to date indicate no direct connection between the age and type of air-conditioning units and the fre- quency of complaints. However, com- plaints tend to increase with poor s

11、ervic- ing and lack of maintenance of the air- conditioning units. The most common reasons for complaints concerned incor- rectly positioned outdoor air intakes (50%) as well as unhygienic conditions in the spray-type air washer. Another rea- son employees complained was due to what was perceived as

12、 uncomfortably high or low indoor air temperatures. Seven research groups from the sec- tors engineering, building physics, envi- ronmental medicine, allergology, micro- biology, psychology and ergonomics take part in this joint project. The Work Group “Indoor Climatology” of the Friedrich Schiller

13、University in Jena has been appointed as project leader. The re- search budget amounts to about DM8.5 million (about US $4.6 million). A presentation of these facts and fur- ther findings of the SBS research work is planned to take place in form of a work- shop to be held Nov. 26-27, 1998, in Frankf

14、urt am Main. April 1998 ASHRAE Journal 11 COPYRIGHT American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and AC EngineersLicensed by Information Handling ServicesCOPYRIGHT American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and AC EngineersLicensed by Information Handling ServicesSTD-ASHRAE JOURN 40-4 VHL-ENGL 1998 MC

15、Q UAY s C R E W c OM P RE S SOR WATER COOLED CHILLER MCQUAY SCREW COMPRESSOR AIR COOLED CHILLER controls and electronic expansion valves keep our screw chillers operating at the lowest condensing pressures and the highest evaporator pressures, ensuring the greatest efficiencies at full and part load

16、. Lets make one thing loud and clear: McQuay single screw compressor chillers are available to meet your specifications. McQuay single screw compressor chillers are offered in both air cooled and water cooled systems. Water cooled systems range from 67 to 310 tons and air cooled systems range from 7

17、0 to 380 tons. When it comes to the most advanced chiller technology, we are there. Call us at 1-800-432-1342, ext. “single.” http:/www.mcqua (Circle No. 10 on Reader Service Card) COPYRIGHT American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and AC EngineersLicensed by Information Handling ServicesSTD-ASHR

18、AE JOURN L(0-L( VHL-ENGL 1778 m 0757b50 05330L13 520 INDUSTRY NEWS HFCs Have Caused Few Equipment Modifications PARIS-A survey by the International Institute of Re- frigeration (IR) indicates that the introduction of new refrigerants has not led to major equipment modifica- tion. The main exception

19、has been HFC410A, which has higher condensing pressure. The survey was con- ducted from June to December and involved about 70 manufacturers that provided lists of their equipment of- fered with ozone-safe refngerants. This survey is the second conducted by IR. Companies that wish to par- ticipate i

20、n the third survey can contact R. Motta1 at by May 31. Household Refrigerators The June-December survey showed that most refrig- erators in the world use HFC-134a. Isobutane is also widely used, particularly in Europe, both for chilling or freezing (according to UNEP, the market share of hy- drocar

21、bonrefrigerators in Europe is 33% to 38%). Some Asian manufacturers use HFC-404A for freezers, which seems to be quite common in Asian refrigerators, too. See HFCs, Page 76 I RM I APPLICATION chiliing/ IHowehCld reigeratlon freezirm 3 Commercial reigenlion display cabioels (plug in) chiIlimg 3 reezi

22、ng supermahets (cenlra chilling 6 freezina 1 systems) Refrigeratad bansport (exci reversible air cond ) high temperature (Bo“C) low-temperature (c-2oCI Storage, food prmesing, industrial rnrigenon chilling 6 freezing 2 IAir conditioning for vehicles Air condloning small-size units 1W kW 9 RM (Refnge

23、ratd Mawactrrers) CM measuring tasks and provide instant calculations quickly and reliably! 0 OF, CO, COP, velocity, flow,humidity, dewpoint, essure, mV, mA, Rpm O Extensive range of probes to fit any application O Attachable (or infrared) printer for convenient on-site documentation O Reads and cre

24、ates barcode labels for even faster data processing measurement locations RS232 to our Comfort software 0 Stores thousands of 0 Download data via Call for FREE brochure! Testo, Inc. 35 Ironia Rd., Flanders, NJ fax: 973-252-1 729 or http:/ 800-227-0729 li 7 7 - - 6 3 3 1 3 3 - - 4 1 - 4 2 - 2 - 2 2 2

25、 5 6 3 - O 1 2 2 2 2 i 1 2 2 1 :M - - 7 a 4 5 2 2 - - 2 4 - 6 6 - - 1 2 1 - IC 1 13 16 : 1 10 (Circle No. 13 on Reader Service Card) 14 ASHRAE Journal (Circle No. 12 on Reader Service Card) April 1998 COPYRIGHT American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and AC EngineersLicensed by Information Handli

26、ng ServicesSTD-ASHRAE JOURN 90-4 VHL-ENGL 1998 0757b50 0533044 Lib7 D - .- With Calma, you wont have to wait for certain subterranean domains to freeze over. We can show you how to elevate your clients to l?rgimed Power User status .overnight. As the electric industry begins to deregulate, your clie

27、nts are going to be able to negotiate the price they pay for energy. As a Pr#med Power User they will have a much stronger negotiating position because their business wi be more attractive to the new energy suppliers. How can they become a Z?flmed Power User? Simply consuming most of their air- cond

28、itioning energy during off-peak hours, between 6:OO PM and 700 AM, will make them very attractive to energy suppliers, who have all the business they need from 9:OO AM to 500 PM. Consumers of their excess, off-peak capacity are limited, making those customers Rkn-ed Power users This is a great time

29、to prepare for the future and take another long, hard look at all the benefits thermal storage can provide. Its also a perfect opportunity to educate your clients about the savings they can reap when they install a Calmac off-peak air-conditioning (OPAC) cooling system. Whether its new construction,

30、 or a retrofit of an older building, Calmac gives you a devilishly good way to make your clientsB#med Power Usm. its one thing you can do or them at night that neither one of you will regret in the morning. For more information, call or write: Calmac Manufacturing Corporation, 101 West Shefield Aven

31、ue Englewood, New Jersey 0763 1-4880 (201) 569-0420 or (212) 586-5178 http:llwww.calmac.corn Fax: (201) 569-7593 m Ki World Leader in Off-peak (Circle No. 11 on Reader Service Card) Air Conditioning COPYRIGHT American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and AC EngineersLicensed by Information Handling

32、 ServicesHFCs, From Page 74 Commercial Refrigeration For commercial refrigeration, i.e. plug-in display cabinets and central sys- tems in supermarkets, the HFC-404A equipment is widely used both for chill- ing and freezing. Most R-404A equip- ment can also use HFC-507, but the lat- ter is cited much

33、 less by unit manufac- turers. As indicated in the first report, R- 134a equipment is also widely available, mainly for chilling purposes. HFC-407C equipment is offered infrequently, espe- cially for central systems in supermar- kets. Ammonia and hydrocarbons have been used in supermarkets for sever

34、al years, mainly in Northern Europe. a CLARCOR company AIRGUARD INDUSTRIES. INC. P.O. BOX 32578, LOUISVILLE, KENTUCKY 40232-2578 (502) 969-2304 FAX (502) 966-0074 Visit our Web Site - www.airE/ E-Mail Address - F (Circle NO. 14 on Reader Service Card) 16 ASHRAE Journal Refrigerated Transport For re

35、frigerated transport, new con- tainer production in developed countries uses R-134a almost exclusively. Truck and railway refrigejating systems use R- 134a, R-404A, and sometimes R-507. A high percentage still use HCFC-22. One company offers R-410A equipment for trucks and railway carriages. leat Pu

36、mps Heat pumps can use various zone-safe refrigerants, depending both n the level of temperature required and n the supplier. For low-temperature heat umps, R-404A is used more and more ommonly used. For medium-tempera- ire heat pumps, R-407C has become the iost cited ozone-safe refrigerant, at the

37、ame level as R-l34a, which was domi- ant in the first report. At a lower level, sropane is also used in Germany and iustria, in heat pumps designed for space nd hot water heating in homes. For high- Zmperature heat pumps (above 80C 176“fl), no data have been obtained. rood Storage For storage, food

38、processing and in- lustrial refrigeration, no significant :hanges have been noticed, compared to he fist report. “3, R-134a and R-404A tre still the major ozone-safe refrigerants ised. R-407C is an alternative, which has ,ecome slightly more common. rlehicle Air Conditioning One hundred percent of n

39、ew-car air :onditioners in developed countries use %- 134a. Air Conditioning For air conditioning, R-407C equip- ment is much more common, especially in medium- and large-size units, pack- aged chillers in particular. R-407C and R-134a are now the main ozone-safe re- frigerants for medium-size split

40、 systems and large air conditioners. R-410A has not increased yet, as expected. Ammo- nia is used sometimes, exclusively in medium and large-size units. In room air conditioners, R-407C also has become the major ozone-safe refrig- erant; except for mobile air conditioners, which use both R-134a and

41、R-407C, as well as hydrocarbons (one manufacturer). A majority of Japanese manufactur- ers still offer only R-22 air-conditioning equipment, but plan to use R-410A in small air conditioners, and R-407C in medium- and large-size units. im April 1998 COPYRIGHT American Society of Heating, Refrigeratin

42、g and AC EngineersLicensed by Information Handling ServicesWhether you have to cool 500 square feet, or 500,000. For a few days, or a few months. Indoors or out. Dont sweat it. Call the world leader in power. Caterpillar. The Cat Rental Power dealer network has chillers rental ready. As well as port

43、able gen sets, distribution equipment, load banks, transformers and cables. Expert technicians are also available to provide start-up and follow-up support. So get the temporary cooling you need. Anytime.Anywhere. With Cat Rental Power. For the name of your nearest dealer, or a free Cat Temperature

44、Control Brochure, call 1-800-321-7332. And keep your cool in any situation. i998 Caterpillar Equipment Supplier Of The 1998 World Cup. ERPI LLAR (Circle No. 15 on Reader Service Card) COPYRIGHT American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and AC EngineersLicensed by Information Handling ServicesSTD-AS

45、HRAE JOURN 40-4 VHL-ENGL 1998 = 0757b50 0533047 L7b means a desiccant system can stretch the capacity of an existing chiller or reduce the size of the chiller specified in new construction. Desiccant dehumidification mini- mizes or eliminates the growth of bac- teria, mold, mildew and frost crystals

46、. That makes it ideal for hospitals and other medical facilities, health spas, hotels, offices, supermarkets and restau- rants. And desiccant technology helps meet ASHRAEs 62-89 standards for indoor air quality and increased fresh air without overloading the system. The issue: temperature control. e

47、 When a building gets too hot, ordinary cooling systems turn on full force. Too cool and they just shut off. Any building, in any part of the country, has its own cooling “issues.” Air quality, comfort and cost control are the major ones. Fortunately, we have the technology to resolve those issues.

48、Natural gas cooling technology. Clean burning. Efficient. And very, high humidity levels. thermostat way down just to reduce high levels of humidity. A natural gas deqiccant system allows you to control humidity levels scparately from tem- perature. Desiccant systems can cool alone or in combination

49、 with a chiller. By dehumidifying the air, a desiccant system saves the extra energy it takes for a chiller to cool moist air. That Natural gas is natures cleanest burning fossil fuel - a far cry from coal- and oil-fired electricity. There isnt much in between. Natural gas engine-driven chillers eliminate the extremes through variable-speed oper- ation. By modulating capacity, running at lower speeds for longer periods of time, they can “even out temperatures and keep humid