ASHRAE GUIDELINE 6-2015 Refrigerant Information Recommended for Product Development and Standards.pdf

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1、ASHRAE Guideline 6-2015(Supersedes ASHRAE Guideline 6-2008)Refrigerant InformationRecommended forProduct Developmentand StandardsApproved by ASHRAE on August 31, 2015.ASHRAE Guidelines are scheduled to be updated on a five-year cycle; the date following the Guideline number is the yearof ASHRAE appr

2、oval. The latest edition of an ASHRAE Guideline may be purchased on the ASHRAE website(www.ashrae.org) or from ASHRAE Customer Service, 1791 Tullie Circle, NE, Atlanta, GA 30329-2305. E-mail:ordersashrae.org. Fax: 678-539-2129. Telephone: 404-636-8400 (worldwide) or toll free 1-800-527-4723 (for ord

3、ers inUS and Canada). For reprint permission, go to www.ashrae.org/permissions. 2015 ASHRAE ISSN 1049-894XASHRAE Guideline Project Committee 6Cognizant TC: 3.1, Refrigerants and Secondary CoolantsSPLS Liaison: John A. ClarkStephen Kujak,* Chair Sean Cunningham* Maryline RassiDebra H. Kennoy,* Vice-C

4、hair Mark O. McLinden* David P. Wilson* Denotes members of voting status when the document was approved for publicationASHRAE STANDARDS COMMITTEE 20152016Douglass T. Reindl, Chair Keith I. Emerson Heather L. PlattRita M. Harrold, Vice-Chair Steven J. Emmerich David RobinJoseph R. Anderson Julie M. F

5、erguson Peter SimmondsJames D. Aswegan Roger L. Hedrick Dennis A. StankeNiels Bidstrup Srinivas Katipamula Wayne H. Stoppelmoor, Jr.Donald M. Brundage Rick A. Larson Jack H. ZarourJohn A. Clark Lawrence C. Markel Julia A. Keen, BOD ExOWaller S. Clements Arsen K. Melikov James K. Vallort, COJohn F. D

6、unlap Mark P. ModeraJames W. Earley, Jr. Cyrus H. NasseriStephanie C. Reiniche, Senior Manager of StandardsSPECIAL NOTEThis Guideline was developed under the auspices of ASHRAE. ASHRAE Guidelines are developed under a review process, identifying a Guidelinefor the design, testing, application, or ev

7、aluation of a specific product, concept, or practice. As a Guideline it is not definitive but encompassesareas where there may be a variety of approaches, none of which must be precisely correct. ASHRAE Guidelines are written to assist professionalsin the area of concern and expertise of ASHRAEs Tec

8、hnical Committees and Task Groups.ASHRAE Guidelines are prepared by Project Committees appointed specifically for the purpose of writing Guidelines. The Project CommitteeChair and Vice-Chair must be members of ASHRAE; while other committee members may or may not be ASHRAE members, all must be techni

9、callyqualified in the subject area of the Guideline.Development of ASHRAE Guidelines follows procedures similar to those for ASHRAE Standards except that (a) committee balance is desiredbut not required, (b) an effort is made to achieve consensus but consensus is not required, (c) Guidelines are not

10、 appealable, and (d) Guidelinesare not submitted to ANSI for approval.The Senior Manager of Standards of ASHRAE should be contacted fora. interpretation of the contents of this Guideline,b. participation in the next review of the Guideline,c. offering constructive criticism for improving the Guideli

11、ne, ord. permission to reprint portions of the Guideline.DISCLAIMERASHRAE uses its best efforts to promulgate Standards and Guidelines for the benefit of the public in light of available information and acceptedindustry practices. However, ASHRAE does not guarantee, certify, or assure the safety or

12、performance of any products, components, or systemstested, installed, or operated in accordance with ASHRAEs Standards or Guidelines or that any tests conducted under its Standards or Guidelineswill be nonhazardous or free from risk.ASHRAE INDUSTRIAL ADVERTISING POLICY ON STANDARDSASHRAE Standards a

13、nd Guidelines are established to assist industry and the public by offering a uniform method of testing for rating purposes, bysuggesting safe practices in designing and installing equipment, by providing proper definitions of this equipment, and by providing other informationthat may serve to guide

14、 the industry. The creation of ASHRAE Standards and Guidelines is determined by the need for them, and conformanceto them is completely voluntary.In referring to this Standard or Guideline and in marking of equipment and in advertising, no claim shall be made, either stated or implied,that the produ

15、ct has been approved by ASHRAE.CONTENTSASHRAE Guideline 6-2015,Refrigerant Information Recommended for Product Development and StandardsSECTION PAGEForeword .21 Purpose.22 Scope23 Definitions .24 Basic Chemical Data.35 Thermophysical Property Data46 Safety, Health, and Environment 77 Refrigerant Sys

16、tem Chemistry 108 References11NOTEApproved addenda, errata, or interpretations for this guideline can be downloaded free of charge from the ASHRAE Web site at www.ashrae.org/technology. 2015 ASHRAE1791 Tullie Circle NE Atlanta, GA 30329 www.ashrae.org All rights reserved.ASHRAE is a registered trade

17、mark of the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.2 ASHRAE Guideline 6-2015(This foreword is not part of this guideline. It is merelyinformative and does not contain requirements necessaryfor conformance to the guideline.)FOREWORDGuideline 6 was first publish

18、ed in 1996 for the purpose ofinforming refrigerant suppliers of the type and format ofrefrigerant information that the industry would be looking forin order to evaluate new refrigerants and blends intended toreplace ozone-depleting chlorinated fluorocarbon refrigerantsthat were being regulated start

19、ing in 1996. Guideline 6 was revised in 2008 to reflect a change offocus away from commercialization of new refrigerants andtoward the application of refrigerants, whether new or old. Therevised purpose and scope further deemphasized newly com-mercialized refrigerants in favor of all refrigerant dat

20、a thatmay be needed for the design of HVAC catalytic and other actions of the heated surface; sur-face combustion; initial pressure; and the concentration of thevapor-air mixture1.azeotropic refrigerant: a blend of two or more refrigerantswhose equilibrium vapor and liquid phase compositions arethe

21、same at a given pressure. At this pressure, the slope of thetemperature versus composition curve equals zero, which isexpressed mathematically as (dT/dx)p= 0, which in turnimplies the occurrence of a maximum, minimum, or saddle-point temperature. Azeotropic blends exhibit some segrega-tion of compon

22、ents at other conditions. The extent of segrega-tion depends on the particular azeotrope and the application2.blend: a refrigerant consisting of a mixture of two or moredifferent chemical compounds. Often the compounds are usedindividually as refrigerants for other applications2.bubble-point tempera

23、ture: the liquid saturation temperatureof a refrigerant at the specified pressure; the temperature atwhich a liquid refrigerant first begins to boil. The bubblepoint of a zeotropic refrigerant blend, at constant pressure, islower than the dew point. burning velocity (Su): the maximum velocity in cen

24、timetresper second (inches per second) at which a laminar flamepropagates in a normal direction relative to the unburned gasahead of it2.ASHRAE Guideline 6-2015 3compounds: substances formed by the chemical combinationof two or more elements in definite proportions by mass2. critical point: the loca

25、tion on a plot of thermodynamic prop-erties at which the liquid and vapor states of a substance meetand become indistinguishable. The temperature, density, andcomposition of the substance are the same for the liquid andvapor phases at this point. The density, pressure, specific vol-ume, and temperat

26、ure at the critical point are referred to as thecritical density, critical pressure, critical volume, and criticaltemperature, respectively2.dew-point temperature: the vapor saturation temperature of arefrigerant at the specified pressure; the temperature at whichthe last drop of liquid refrigerant

27、boils. The dew point of azeotropic refrigerant blend, at constant pressure, is higherthan the bubble point2.dielectric strength: maximum electric field that an insulatorcan withstand without breakdown. flame propagation: any combustion that moves upward andoutward from the point of ignition as defin

28、ed in ASHRAEStandard 34, Normative Appendix B, Section B1.82. glide: the absolute value of the difference between the start-ing and ending temperatures of a phase-change process by arefrigerant within a component of a refrigerating system,exclusive of any subcooling or superheating. This term usu-al

29、ly describes condensation or evaporation of a zeotrope2.global warming potential (GWP): an index developed to pro-vide a simplified means of describing the relative ability of achemical compound, if emitted to the atmosphere, to affectradiative forcing over its lifetime in the atmosphere andthereby

30、affect the global climate. Radiative forcing reflectsthe factors that affect the balance between the energyabsorbed by the earth and the energy emitted by it in the formof long-wave infrared radiation. The GWP is defined on amass basis relative to carbon dioxide. The GWP for a com-pound must be calc

31、ulated up to a particular integrated timehorizon, for example, 20, 100, or 500 years. The time horizonmost widely accepted is 100 years. ozone depletion potential (ODP): a numerical quantitydescribing the extent of ozone depletion calculated to arisefrom the release to the atmosphere of 1 kilogram o

32、f a com-pound relative to the ozone depletion calculated to arise froma similar release of the refrigerant R-11. The calculation is anintegration of all known potential effects on ozone over theentire time that any portion of the compound could remain inthe atmosphere3.pressure volume temperature (P

33、VT): the relationshipbetween pressure, specific volume, and temperature; this rela-tionship is a fundamental thermodynamic property of a fluidin the single-phase region. radiative forcing: represents the net amount of infrared radia-tion that is trapped by gases in the atmosphere. The radiativeforci

34、ng of a gas depends on the efficiency with which it trapsinfrared radiation and its concentration in the atmosphere.Atmospheric concentration depends on emission rates and theatmospheric lifetime of the gas. refrigerant: the fluid used for heat transfer in a refrigeratingsystem; the refrigerant abso

35、rbs heat and transfers it at a highertemperature and a higher pressure, usually with a phasechange. Substances added to provide other functions, such aslubrication, leak detection, absorption, or drying, are notrefrigerants2.temperature glide: see glide.threshold limit values (TLVs): the maximum air

36、borne con-centrations of substances to which it is believed nearly allworkers may be repeatedly exposed, day after day, withoutadverse health effects.threshold limit value/time-weighted average (TLV/TWA):the time-weighted average concentration for a normal 8-hourworkday and a 40-hour workweek to whi

37、ch nearly all workersmay be repeatedly exposed, day after day, without adverseeffect2. (This definition is reprinted by permission of theAmerican Conference of Governmental Industrial HygienistsACGIH.)toxicity: the ability of a refrigerant to be harmful or lethal dueto acute or chronic exposure by c

38、ontact, inhalation, or inges-tion. The effects of concern include, but are not limited to,those of carcinogens, poisons, reproductive toxins, irritants,corrosives, sensitizers, hepatoxins, nephrotoxins, neurotoxins,agents that act on the hematopoietic system, and agents thatdamage the lungs, skin, e

39、yes, or mucous membranes2.worst case of formulation for flammability (WCF): the nom-inal formulation, including the composition tolerances, thatresults in the most flammable concentration of components.worst case of fractionation for flammability (WCFF): thecomposition produced during fractionation

40、of the worst caseof formulation for flammability that results in the highestconcentration of flammable component(s) as identified inASHRAE Standard 342in the vapor or liquid phase.zeotropic refrigerant: a zeotropic refrigerant contains two ormore components whose equilibrium vapor-phase and liquid-p

41、hase compositions differ. The temperature of a zeotropicrefrigerant changes as it evaporates or condenses at constantpressure.4. BASIC CHEMICAL DATAThe number of significant figures for all properties shouldcorrespond to the uncertainty of the data4.4.1 Compound Chemical Identification. All refriger

42、antsshould be identified by their designations as determined fromASHRAE Standard 342 and also their Chemical Abstracts Ser-vice (CAS) registry number.4.2 Molecular Formula. For a single refrigerant, the molecu-lar formula should be identified using symbols for the chemicalelements and (subscripted)

43、whole numbers representing themole ratios of the elements composing the molecule. For exam-ple, the refrigerant R-22 should be identified as CHClF2.Where an element is identified by a single letter, it is capital-ized; otherwise, only the first letter of an element is capitalized.4.3 Purity. When re

44、frigerant purity is reported, the contami-nants should be identified and should include, but not be lim-4 ASHRAE Guideline 6-2015ited to, isomers, other chemical compounds, moisture, acidity,particulates, nonvolatile residues, chloride ions, and noncon-densable gases5.4.4 Molecular Mass. Single refr

45、igerants should be identifiedwith their specific molecular masses expressed as g/mole (lb/lbmole). Molecular masses for blends should be determinedby the methodology described in ASHRAE Standard 342.4.5 Normal Boiling-Point Temperature (NBP). Single-compound refrigerants should be identified with th

46、eir normalboiling point taken at an atmospheric pressure of 101.325 kPa(14.696 psia) and listed in units of degrees Celsius (degreesFahrenheit). Azeotropic refrigerants should be identified with theirNBP taken at an atmospheric pressure of 101.325 kPa(14.696 psia) and listed in units of degrees Cels

47、ius (degreesFahrenheit).Zeotropes should be identified for their specific composi-tions listed in mass percent for each component. The NBP istaken as the bubble point of this composition at a pressure of101.325 kPa (14.696 psia) and listed in units of degrees Cel-sius (degrees Fahrenheit).4.6 Critic

48、al Parameters4.6.1 Critical Temperature. Refrigerants should be identi-fied with their critical temperatures listed in units of degreesCelsius (degrees Fahrenheit).4.6.2 Critical Pressure. Single-component refrigerantsand azeotropes should be identified with their critical pressurelisted in units of

49、 kPa (psia).4.6.3 Critical Volume. Single-component refrigerantsshould be identified with their critical volume expressed inunits of m3/kg (ft3/lb). Azeotropic refrigerants should beidentified with their critical volume expressed in units of m3/kg (ft3/lb).4.6.4 Estimation of Critical Properties. The measuredcritical properties for zeotropic mixtures should be providedat the appropriate composition(s). In the absence of measuredcritical property data, an estimate can be obtained using a reli-able equation of state for the zeoptrope. In the absence ofdirect measurement or