ASHRAE GUIDELINE 21-2012 Guide for the Ventilation and Thermal Management of Batteries for Stationary Applications.pdf

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1、 IEEE 3 Park Avenue New York, NY 10016-5997 USA 23 October 2012 IEEE/ASHRAE Guide for the Ventilation and Thermal Management of Batteries for Stationary Applications Co-Sponsors IEEE Power and Energy Society Stationary Batteries Committee and ASHRAE Guideline Project Committee 21 (GPC 21) IEEE Std 1

2、635TM-2012/ASHRAE Guideline 21-2012 IEEE Std 1635-2012/ ASHRAE Guideline 21-2012 IEEE/ASHRAE Guide for the Ventilation and Thermal Management of Batteries for Stationary Applications Co-Sponsors IEEE Power and Energy Society Stationary Batteries Committee and ASHRAE Guideline Project Committee 21 (G

3、PC 21) Approved 27 June 2012 ASHRAE Standards Committee/Board of Directors Approved 30 August 2012 IEEE-SA Standards Board Abstract: Vented lead-acid (VLA), valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA), and nickel-cadmium (NiCd) stationary battery installations are discussed in this guide, written to serve as a

4、 bridge between the electrical designer and the heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) designer. Ventilation of stationary battery installations is critical to maximize battery life while minimizing the hazards associated with hydrogen production. This guide describes battery operating mo

5、des and the hazards associated with each. It provides the HVAC designer with the information to provide a cost effective ventilation solution. Keywords: ASHRAE 21, battery, battery cabinets, battery gassing, battery room, battery vaults, forced ventilation, hydrogen, IEEE 1635, natural ventilation,

6、stationary battery, thermal management, ventilation, ventilation system maintenance The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. 3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5997, USA ASHRAE 1791 Tullie Circle, NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30329-2305, USA Copyright 2012 by The Institute of Electrical an

7、d Electronics Engineers, Inc., and ASHRAE. All rights reserved. Published 23 October 2012. Printed in the United States of America. IEEE is a registered trademark in the U.S. Patent +1 978 750 8400. Permission to photocopy portions of any individual standard for educational classroom use can also be

8、 obtained through the Copyright Clearance Center. Copyright 2012 IEEE/ASHRAE. All rights reserved. ivNotice to users Laws and regulations Users of IEEE Standards documents should consult all applicable laws and regulations. Compliance with the provisions of any IEEE Standards document does not imply

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10、e documents may not be construed as doing so. Copyrights This document is copyrighted by the IEEE. It is made available for a wide variety of both public and private uses. These include both use, by reference, in laws and regulations, and use in private self-regulation, standardization, and the prom

11、otion of engineering practices and methods. By making this document available for use and adoption by public authorities and private users, neither the IEEE nor ASHRAE waives any rights in copyright to this document. Updating of IEEE documents Users of IEEE Standards documents should be aware that t

12、hese documents may be superseded at any time by the issuance of new editions or may be amended from time to time through the issuance of amendments, corrigenda, or errata. An official IEEE document at any point in time consists of the current edition of the document together with any amendments, cor

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14、ed previously. For more information about the IEEE Standards Association or the IEEE standards development process, visit IEEE-SA Website at http:/standards.ieee.org/index.html. Errata Errata, if any, for this and all other standards can be accessed at the following URL: http:/standards.ieee.org/fin

15、dstds/errata/index.html. Users are encouraged to check this URL for errata periodically. Patents Attention is called to the possibility that implementation of this standard may require use of subject matter covered by patent rights. By publication of this standard, no position is taken by the IEEE w

16、ith respect to the existence or validity of any patent rights in connection therewith. If a patent holder or patent applicant has filed a statement of assurance via an Accepted Letter of Assurance, then the statement is listed on the IEEE-SA Website at http:/standards.ieee.org/about/sasb/patcom/pate

17、nts.html. Letters of Assurance may indicate whether the Submitter is willing or unwilling to grant licenses under patent rights without compensation or under reasonable rates, with reasonable terms and conditions that are demonstrably free of any unfair discrimination to applicants desiring to obtai

18、n such licenses. Copyright 2012 IEEE/ASHRAE. All rights reserved. vEssential Patent Claims may exist for which a Letter of Assurance has not been received. The IEEE is not responsible for identifying Essential Patent Claims for which a license may be required, for conducting inquiries into the legal

19、 validity or scope of Patents Claims, or determining whether any licensing terms or conditions provided in connection with submission of a Letter of Assurance, if any, or in any licensing agreements are reasonable or non-discriminatory. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination

20、 of the validity of any patent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, is entirely their own responsibility. Further information may be obtained from the IEEE Standards Association. Copyright 2012 IEEE/ASHRAE. All rights reserved. viParticipants At the time this IEEE/ASHRAE guide was co

21、mpleted, the Ventilation Working Group had the following membership: M. S. (Steve) Clark, IEEE, Co-Chair Deep Ghosh, ASHRAE, Co-Chair John B. Riley, ASHRAE Vice Chair Curtis Ashton, IEEE Secretary Phyllis Archer, IEEE Allen Byrne, IEEE William Cantor, IEEE Jay L. Chamberlin, IEEE Garth P. Corey, IEE

22、E Thomas G. Croda, IEEE Ramesh Desai, IEEE Mark A. Hartfiel, ASHRAE Dennis G. Hellmer, ASHRAE Stephen W. McCluer, IEEE/ASHRAE James A. McDowall, IEEE Dan McMenamin, IEEE Haissam Nasrat, IEEE Edward P. Rafter, IEEE Kristin Wilde, IEEE Lesley P. Varga, IEEE At the time this guide was approved, ASHRAE

23、Guideline Project Committee 21 (GPC 21) had the following membership: Cognizant TC: TC 9.2, Industrial Air Conditioning James R. Tauby, SPLS Liaison Deep Ghosh, Chair* John B. Riley, Vice Chair and Secretary* George M. Adams Mark A. Hartfiel* Dennis G. Hellmer* Stephen W. McCluer* *Denotes members o

24、f voting status when the document was approved for publication. Copyright 2012 IEEE/ASHRAE. All rights reserved. viiThe following members of the individual balloting committee voted on this guide. Balloters may have voted for approval, disapproval, or abstention. William Ackerman Samuel Aguirre Stev

25、en Alexanderson James Anderson Phyllis Archer Stan Arnot Curtis Ashton Gary Balash Michael Bayer Robert Beavers Erich Binder Thomas Blair William Bloethe Richard Bolgeo Paul Boman Mark Bowman Steven Brockschink Terrence Burns William Byrd William Cantor Robert Carruth Leonard Casella Randy Casteel J

26、ay L. Chamberlin Michael Champagne Keith Chow M. S. (Steve) Clark Waller Clements Kevin Coggins Tommy Cooper Garth P. Corey Charles Cotton John Coyle Alireza Daneshpooy Matthew Davis Carlo Donati Randall Dotson Donald Dunn Gary Engmann Vladimir Fedkiw Charles Finin Robert Fletcher Carl Fredericks De

27、ep Ghosh James Gleason Jalal Gohari Edwin Goodwin James Graham Randall C. Groves Thomas Gruzs Ajit Gwal Scott Hietpas Gary Hoffman David Horvath James Houston David Ittner Randy Jamison Alan Jensen James Jones Joseph L. Koepfinger John J. Kopera David Krause Jim Kulchisky William Kumpf Saumen Kundu

28、Chung-Yiu Lam Daniel Lambert Daniel Levin Albert Livshitz Debra Longtin Federico Lopez Omar Mazzoni Stephen W. McCluer James A. McDowall Jeffrey Merryman Kimberly Mosley Jerry Murphy Dennis Neitzel Arthur Neubauer Michael S. Newman Joe Nims Miklos Orosz Bansi Patel Vernon Peppers Percy Pool Edward P

29、. Rafter Ryland Revelle John B. Riley Michael Roberts Bartien Sayogo Robert Schuerger Devki Sharma Charles Shieh David Smith James Smith John Spare Joseph Stevens Allan St. Peter Paul Sullivan David Tepen S. Thamilarasan James Thompson Wayne Timm Richard Tressler Lesley Varga Gerald Vaughn Stephen V

30、echy John Vergis William Wessman Kenneth White Luis Zambrano Theodore Zeiss Copyright 2012 IEEE/ASHRAE. All rights reserved. viiiWhen the IEEE-SA Standards Board approved this guide on 30 August 2012, it had the following membership: Richard H. Hulett, Chair John Kulick, Vice Chair Robert M. Grow, P

31、ast Chair Konstantinos Karachalios, Secretary Satish Aggarwal Masayuki Ariyoshi Peter Balma William Bartley Ted Burse Clint Chaplin Wael Diab Jean-Philippe Faure Alexander Gelman Paul Houz Jim Hughes Young Kyun Kim Joseph L. Koepfinger* David J. Law Thomas Lee Hung Ling Oleg Logvinov Ted Olsen Gary

32、Robinson Jon Walter Rosdahl Mike Seavey Yatin Trivedi Phil Winston Yu Yuan *Member Emeritus Also included are the following nonvoting IEEE-SA Standards Board liaisons: Richard DeBlasio, DOE Representative Michael Janezic, NIST Representative Don Messina IEEE Standards Program Manager, Document Devel

33、opment Malia Zaman IEEE Standards Program Manager, Technical Program Development ASHRAE Standards Committee 2011-2012 Carol E. Marriott, Chair Kenneth W. Cooper, Vice Chair Ross D. Montgomery, CO Eckhard A. Groll, BOD ExO Douglass S. Abramson Karim Amrane Charles S. Barnaby Hoy R. Bohanon, Jr. Steve

34、n F. Bruning David R. Conover Steven J. Emmerich Allan B. Fraser Krishnan Gowri Maureen Grasso Cecily M. Grzywacz Richard L. Hall Rita M. Harrold Adam W. Hinge Debra H. Kennoy Jay A. Kohler Janice C. Peterson Douglas T. Reindl Boggarm S. Setty James R. Tauby James K. Vallort William F. Walter Michae

35、l W. Woodford Craig P. Wray Stephanie C. Reiniche, Manager of Standards Copyright 2012 IEEE/ASHRAE. All rights reserved. ixIntroduction This introduction is not part of IEEE Std 1635-2012/ASHRAE Guideline 21-2012, IEEE/ASHRAE Guide for the Ventilation and Thermal Management of Batteries for Stationa

36、ry Applications. The primary purpose of this guide is to assist users involved in the design and management of new stationary battery installations. The focus is the environmental design and management of the installation to maximize battery reliability as well as the safety of personnel and equipme

37、nt. This guide is a joint effort by the IEEE and ASHRAE. Copyright 2012 IEEE/ASHRAE. All rights reserved. xContents 1. Overview 1 1.1 Scope . 1 1.2 Purpose 2 1.3 Exclusions 2 1.4 Document organization 2 2. Normative references 3 3. Definitions, acronyms, and abbreviations 4 3.1 Definitions . 4 3.2 A

38、cronyms and abbreviations . 4 4. Battery safety hazards and considerations 6 5. Fundamentals 6 5.1 Battery types 6 5.2 Battery application. 9 5.3 Installation enclosure applications. 10 6. Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning 11 6.1 General 11 6.2 HVAC design for performance 11 6.3 HVAC design

39、 for safety 13 7. Environmental design. 15 7.1 General 15 7.2 Operating modes 15 7.3 Heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning system design requirements 26 7.4 HVAC system design for ventilation. 28 7.5 Integrated battery areas 30 7.6 Controls and alarms . 30 7.7 Battery room hazard classification

40、 31 7.8 Enclosure design applications 31 8. Economics 32 8.1 General 32 8.2 Battery replacement factors . 33 8.3 Relative importance of the installation 33 8.4 Reliability of the HVAC system 33 8.5 Availability of maintenance resources. 33 8.6 Cost and availability of battery replacement . 33 8.7 HV

41、AC System control based on battery operating mode 33 9. Environmental management (operation and maintenance). 34 9.1 Battery system operation and maintenance 34 9.2 HVAC system operation and maintenance 34 Annex A (informative) Hydrogen generation in lead-acid and nickel-cadmium batteries . 36 Annex

42、 B (informative) Heat generation in lead-acid batteries . 59 Copyright 2012 IEEE/ASHRAE. All rights reserved. xiAnnex C (informative) Existing U.S. codes and standards 86 Annex D (informative) Explosive and toxic gas allowance considerations . 88 Annex E (informative) Thermal runaway. 90 Annex F (no

43、rmative) Hydrogen sulfide gas . 92 Annex G (informative) Bibliography . 93 Copyright 2012 IEEE/ASHRAE. All rights reserved. 1IEEE/ASHRAE Guide for the Ventilation and Thermal Management of Batteries for Stationary Applications IMPORTANT NOTICE: IEEE Standards documents are not intended to ensure saf

44、ety, health, or environmental protection, or ensure against interference with or from other devices or networks. Implementers of IEEE Standards documents are responsible for determining and complying with all appropriate safety, security, environmental, health, and interference protection practices

45、and all applicable laws and regulations. This IEEE document is made available for use subject to important notices and legal disclaimers. These notices and disclaimers appear in all publications containing this document and may be found under the heading “Important Notice” or “Important Notices and

46、Disclaimers Concerning IEEE Documents.” They can also be obtained on request from IEEE or viewed at http:/standards.ieee.org/IPR/disclaimers.html. 1. Overview 1.1 Scope This guide discusses the ventilation and thermal management of stationary battery systems as applied to the following: Vented (floo

47、ded) lead-acid (VLA) Valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) Nickel-cadmium (NiCd) For each category, both the technology and the design of the battery are described in order to facilitate user understanding of the environmental issues associated with each type of technology. The scope of this document inc

48、ludes only stationary batteries under conditions of expected use. Multiple operating modes are identified. The ventilation practices described in this guide represent the “best practice” based on the information available at the time this document was developed. The user should evaluate these practi

49、ces against their operating experience, operating conditions, number and size of battery systems, manufacturers recommendations, resources, and needs in developing an environment that maximizes safety and is IEEE Std 1635-2012/ASHRAE Guideline 21-2012 IEEE/ASHRAE Guide for the Ventilation and Thermal Management of Batteries for Stationary Applications Copyright 2012 IEEE/ASHRAE. All rights reserved. 2conducive to optimum operation of the equipment. These recommendations were developed without consideration of economics, availability of equipme