ASHRAE 4695-2004 Operable Windows Personal Control and Occupant Comfort (RP-1161)《个人控制和乘员舒适RP-1161可操作的窗户》.pdf
《ASHRAE 4695-2004 Operable Windows Personal Control and Occupant Comfort (RP-1161)《个人控制和乘员舒适RP-1161可操作的窗户》.pdf》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《ASHRAE 4695-2004 Operable Windows Personal Control and Occupant Comfort (RP-1161)《个人控制和乘员舒适RP-1161可操作的窗户》.pdf(19页珍藏版)》请在麦多课文档分享上搜索。
1、4695 (RP-1161) Operable Windows, Personal Control, and Occupant Comfort Gail S. Brager Fellow ASHRAE Gwelen Paliaga Student Member ASHRAE Richard de Dear ABSTRACT Past research (ASHRAERP-884) demonstrated that occu- pants of naturally ventilated buildings are comfortable in a wider range of temperat
2、ures than occupants of buildings with centrally controlled HVAC systems. Howevel; the exact inju- ence ofpersonal control in explaining these differences could only be hypothesized because of the limits of the existingJeld study data that formed the basis of that research. The objective of ASHRAE RP
3、-1161 was to quantitatively investigate how personal control of operable windows in ojce settings inju- ences local thermal conditions and occupant comfort. We conductedafieldstudy in a naturally ventilatedbuilding where occupants had varying degrees of control over the windows. Utilizing continuous
4、 measurement of each subject S worksta- tion microclimate, plus a Web-based survey that subjects took several times a day and was cross-linked to concurrentphys- ical assessments of workstation microclimatic conditions, we collected over 1000 survey responses in each of the two main seasons. The dat
5、a show that occupants with different degrees of personal control had signijkantly diverse thermal responses, even when they experienced the same thermal envi- ronments and clothing and activity levels. Our findings offer further empirical support for the role of shifting expectations in the adaptive
6、 model of thermal comfort. INTRODUCTION Thermal environments in buildings with operable windows are typically more variable than conditions found in fully air-conditioned buildings, but research studies have demonstrated that they are not necessarily less comfortable. In particular, ASHRAE RP-884 (d
7、e Dear and Brager 1998) developed and analyzed a worldwide database from thermal comfort field experiments conducted in buildings that were either naturally ventilated (ie., occupant-controlled operable windows) or had centrally controlled HVAC systems (in which occupants had no control over their e
8、nvironment, simi- lar to the laboratory studies). One of their primary findings was that occupants in the naturally ventilated buildings accepted, and actually preferred, a significantly wider range of temperatures compared to occupants of the HVAC buildings. Furthermore, these comfortable indoor te
9、mperatures were noted to follow the seasonal shifts in outdoor climate and often fell beyond the ASHRAE Standard 55-1992 (ASHRAE 1992) comfort zones. These differences could not be entirely accounted for by conventional thermal comfort theory and the factors that affect a bodys heat balance (i.e., d
10、ry-bulb temper- ature, mean radiant temperature, air speed, humidity, clothing insulation, and metabolic rate). One of the hypotheses advanced for this anomaly was that naturally ventilated build- ings afford their occupants greater degrees of thermal control than air-conditioned buildings, and that
11、 this sense of control leads to a relaxation of expectations and greater tolerance of temperature excursions. Environmental psychologists have long known that human reaction to sensory stimulus is modi- fied when a person has control over that stimulus (Brager and de Dear 1998). A related explanatio
12、n is that people are more accepting of variations that come from a known source having predictable behavior (Bordass et al. 1994), which is often the case in a naturally ventilated building. A greater understanding of the influence of personal control has implications for building design, occupant c
13、omfort, and energy use. If people remain comfortable in a wider range of conditions in naturally ventilated buildings that provide personal control, significant energy can be saved by Gail S. Brager is a professor of architecture and Gwelen Paliaga is a graduate student research assistant at the Cen
14、ter for Environmental Design Research, University of California, Berkeley. Richard de Dear is an associate professor, Division of Environmental and Life Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia. 02004 ASHRAE. 17 relaxing thermal comfort standards and allowing more vari- able indoor temperat
15、ures that cycle or drift in response to the natural swings of the outdoor and indoor climate (Milne 1995; Baker and Standevenl996). While the standards do provide some allowances for varying thermal conditions, the limits are fairly limited and are again based on laboratory studies in which subjects
16、 were given minimal or no control over the conditions they were experiencing. These laboratory studies may not necessarily be directly transferable to real buildings. When thinking about naturally ventilated buildings, prob- ably the most important architectural issue is the window. Windows can be u
17、sed for ventilative cooling of the building structure and, more importantly for this paper, the attainment of thermal comfort by moving air through the building. However, our understanding of the effect of air movement on occupant comfort in real buildings is limited. The draft limits in ASHRAE Stan
18、dard 55 are very low, and a literature review by Fountain and hens (1 994) explored a number of studies that indicate that personally controlled air movement is an underutilized cooling method in contemporary design. Specific knowledge about the influence of operable windows and the personal environ
19、mental control they afford on indoor thermal conditions and occupant comfort will give designers much needed information on how to design natu- rally ventilated buildings. ASHRAE RP-884 began this process by developing an adaptive model of comfort that was incorporated into the revised ASHRAE Standa
20、rd 55 (ASHRAE 2004) as an alternative compliance method for naturally ventilated buildings. However, the research was not able to disentangle the precise effect of personal control from all the other potential explanations for peoples acceptance of more variable thermal conditions for two important
21、reasons. First, the empirical basis of ASHRAEs adaptive model project, namely, data fiompast field studies, was mostly based on traditional, single-point-in-time thermal comfort measure- ments. As such, we dont know anything about the thermal conditions people had been exposed to prior to the condit
22、ions that were measured and assessed by questionnaire. Secondly, past field studies in naturally ventilated buildings did not typi- cally ask detailed questions about whether or not each of the subjects actually had the ability to personally control a window, nor how they used that control or percei
23、ved its ther- mal comfort effectiveness. Without that information, we cannot make a direct connection between the effects of personal control and thermal perceptions. Toward these ends, the objective of this project was to design and carry out a field study to quantitatively investigate how personal
24、 control of operable windows in ofice settings influences local thermal conditions and occupant thermal comfort, particularly the acceptability of thermal variability. Figure 1 Berkeley Civic Center, west facade. METHODS Description of Building Following an extensive search, we selected the Berkeley
- 1.请仔细阅读文档,确保文档完整性,对于不预览、不比对内容而直接下载带来的问题本站不予受理。
- 2.下载的文档,不会出现我们的网址水印。
- 3、该文档所得收入(下载+内容+预览)归上传者、原创作者;如果您是本文档原作者,请点此认领!既往收益都归您。
下载文档到电脑,查找使用更方便
10000 积分 0人已下载
下载 | 加入VIP,交流精品资源 |
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- ASHRAE46952004OPERABLEWINDOWSPERSONALCONTROLANDOCCUPANTCOMFORTRP1161 个人 控制 乘员 舒适 RP1161 可操作 窗户 PDF

链接地址:http://www.mydoc123.com/p-454278.html