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1、 ASCE Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice No. 97Hydraulic ModelingConcepts and PracticeTask Committee:R. Ettema, Chair and EditorR. ArndtP. RobertsI WahlSponsored by theEnvironmental and Water Resources Institute of theAmerican Society of Civil EngineersPublished byAmerican Societyof Civil E

2、ngineers1801 Alexander Bell DriveReston, Virginia 20191 -4400MSCEAbstract: This Manual is intended to serve as a useful reference for people who engage inhydraulic modeling or who directly use the results obtained from hydraulic models. Earlychapters provide a brief history of hydraulic modeling, ou

3、tline strategies for designing mod-els, and explain the underlying concepts of similitude and dimensional analysis. Those con-cepts are applied subsequently to various situations, beginning with single-phase flow offluids; water and air are the fluids primarily considered in the Manual.Subsequent ch

4、apters address the more complicated situations in which resort must bemade to hydraulic models for engineering or technical information. One chapter covers theuse of hydraulic models to investigate sediment transport by flow, especially alluvial-sedi-ment transport, and flow in loose-boundary channe

5、ls. Other chapters cover modeling ofgas-liquid flows (notably air in water) and flows involving ice and debris transport. TheManual also addresses hydraulic modeling of situations it terms environmental flows, whichessentially encompass buoyancy-modified flows (plumes, stratified flows, mixing) and

6、flowof immiscible fluids (for instance, oil and water). Hydraulic modeling of coastal processes,hydroelastic vibrations, and hydraulic machinery are explained in chapters devoted to thosetopics. One chapter discusses practical aspects of designing and operating hydraulic models.The Manuals final cha

7、pter presents five case study examples.Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataHydraulic modeling : concepts and practice / Task Committee on Hydraulic Modeling, R.Ettema, chair and editor . et al. ; sponsored by the Environmental and Water ResourcesInstitute of the American Society of Civ

8、il Engineers.p. cm.(ASCE manuals and reports on engineering practice)Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 0-7844-0415-11. Hydraulic models. 2. Hydraulic modelsCase studies. I. Ettema, R. II. Series.TC164 .H93 2000627/.01/l dc21 00-026969The material presented in this publication has be

9、en prepared in accordance with gener-ally recognized engineering principles and practices, and is for general information only.This information should not be used without first securing competent advice with respect toits suitability for any general or specific application.The contents of this publi

10、cation are not intended to be and should not be construed to bea standard of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) and are not intended for use asa reference in purchase of specifications, contracts, regulations, statutes, or any other legaldocument.No reference made in this publication to

11、any specific method, product, process, or serviceconstitutes or implies an endorsement, recommendation, or warranty thereof by ASCE.ASCE makes no representation or warranty of any kind, whether express or implied, con-cerning the accuracy, completeness, suitability, or utility of any information, ap

12、paratus,product, or process discussed in this publication, and assumes no liability therefore.Anyone utilizing this information assumes all liability arising from such use, includingbut not limited to infringement of any patent or patents.Photocopies: Authorization to photocopy material for internal

13、 or personal use under circum-stances not falling within the fair use provisions of the Copyright Act is granted by ASCE tolibraries and other users registered with the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) Transac-tional Reporting Service, provided that the base fee of $8.00 per chapter plus $.50 per pa

14、ge ispaid directly to CCC, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923. The identification for ASCEBooks is 0-7844-0415-1/00/$8.00 + $.50 per page. Requests for special permission or bulkcopying should be addressed to Permissions nor is it so elementary or so conclusive as to provide a “rule ofthumb“ for

15、nonengineers.Furthermore, material in this series, in distinction from a paper (whichexpressed only one persons observations or opinions), is the work of acommittee or group selected to assemble and express information on aspecific topic. As often as practicable the committee is under the directiono

16、f one or more of the Technical Divisions and Councils, and the productevolved has been subjected to review by the Executive Committee of theDivision or Council. As a step in the process of this review, proposedmanuscripts are often brought before the members of the Technical Divi-sions and Councils

17、for comment, which may serve as the basis forimprovement. When published, each work shows the names of the com-mittees by which it was compiled and indicates clearly the several pro-cesses through which it has passed in review, in order that its merit may bedefinitely understood.In February 1962 (an

18、d revised in April 1982) the Board of Directionvoted to establish:A series entitled “Manuals and Reports on Engineering Prac-tice,“ to include the Manuals published and authorized to date,future Manuals of Professional Practice, and Reports on Engi-neering Practice. All such Manual or Report materia

19、l of theSociety would have been refereed in a manner approved by theBoard Committee on Publications and would be bound, withapplicable discussion, in books similar to past Manuals. Num-bering would be consecutive and would be a continuation ofpresent Manual numbers. In some cases of reports of joint

20、 com-mittees, bypassing of Journal publications may be authorized.MANUALS AND REPORTSOF ENGINEERING PRACTICENo. Title No. Title13 Filtering Materials for SewageTreatment Plants14 Accommodation of Utility PlantWithin the Rights-of-Way of UrbanStreets and Highways35 A List of Translations of ForeignLi

21、terature on Hydraulics40 Ground Water Management41 Plastic Design in Steel: A Guide andCommentary45 Consulting Engineering: A Guide forthe Engagement of EngineeringServices46 Pipeline Route Selection for Rural andCross-Country Pipelines47 Selected Abstracts on StructuralApplications of Plastics49 Ur

22、ban Planning Guide50 Planning and Design Guidelines forSmall Craft Harbors51 Survey of Current Structural Research52 Guide for the Design of SteelTransmission Towers53 Criteria for Maintenance of MultilaneHighways55 Guide to Employment Conditions forCivil Engineers57 Management, Operation andMainten

23、ance of Irrigation andDrainage Systems59 Computer Pricing Practices60 Gravity Sanitary Sewer Design andConstruction62 Existing Sewer Evaluation andRehabilitation63 Structural Plastics Design Manual64 Manual on Engineering Surveying65 Construction Cost Control66 Structural Plastics Selection Manual67

24、 Wind Tunnel Studies of Buildings andStructures68 Aeration: A Wastewater TreatmentProcess69 Sulfide in Wastewater Collection andTreatment Systems70 Evapotranspiration and IrrigationWater Requirements71 Agricultural Salinity Assessment andManagement72 Design of Steel Transmission PoleStructures73 Qua

25、lity in the Constructed Project: AGuide for Owners, Designers, andConstructors74 Guidelines for Electrical TransmissionLine Structural Loading76 Design of Municipal WastewaterTreatment Plants77 Design and Construction of UrbanStormwater Management Systems78 Structural Fire Protection79 Steel Penstoc

26、ks80 Ship Channel Design81 Guidelines for Cloud Seeding toAugment Precipitation82 Odor Control in WastewaterTreatment Plants83 Environmental Site Investigation84 Mechanical Connections in WoodStructures85 Quality of Ground Water86 Operation and Maintenance ofGround Water Facilities87 Urban Runoff Qu

27、ality Manual88 Management of Water TreatmentPlant Residuals89 Pipeline Crossings90 Guide to Structural Optimization91 Design of Guyed ElectricalTransmission Structures92 Manhole Inspection andRehabilitation93 Crane Safety on Construction Sites94 Inland Navigation: Locks, Dams, andChannels95 Urban Su

28、bsurface Drainage96 Guide to Improved EarthquakePerformance of Electric PowerSystems97 Hydraulic Modeling: Concepts andPractice98 Conveyance of Residuals from Waterand Wastewater Treatment99 Environmental Site Characterizationand Remediation Design GuidanceTABLE OF CONTENTSPREFACE xiNOTATION xiiiGre

29、ek Symbols xviSubscripts xvii1 INTRODUCTION 11.1 Hydraulic Modeling1.2 Purpose of the Manual 61.3 Layout of the Manual 71.4 Convention on Scales 81.5 Brief History 91.5.1 Models, Laboratories, and Other Novelties 91.5.2 Similitude and Dimensional Analysis 161.5.3 Instrumentation 181.5.4 A Mega-Model

30、 91.6 Modeling Strategy 211.6.1 Similitude and Scaling 211.6.2 Model Layout 21.6.3 Hydraulic and Numerical Models in Concert 232 SIMILITUDE AND DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS 292.1 Introduction 292.2 Dimensions of Flow and Fluid Properties 302.3 Dimensional Homogeneity 302.4 Similitude 332.5 Direct Establishm

31、ent of Dynamic Similitude Criteria 362.6 Dynamic Similitude Deduced from Flow Equations 82.7 Dimensional Analysis 432.7.1 The n Theorem 52.8 Most Meaningful Set of Parameters 513 SINGLE-PHASE FLOW 533.1 Introduction 3Vvi HYDRAULIC MODELING: CONCEPTS AND PRACTICE3.2 Processes 533.3 Local Patterns and

32、 Distributions of Free-Surface Flow 553.3.1 Gravity 63.3.2 Fluid Viscosity 583.3.3 Surface Tension 623.4 Free-Surface Flow Profiles and Resistance 633.5 Vertical Distortion of Free-Surface Flows 73.6 Flow around Bodies and Closed-Conduit Flows 733.7 Cavitation 763.8 Using Alternate Fluids 773.9 Exam

33、ples 83.9.1 Flow Distribution in Water-Intake Pump Bays 793.9.2 Water-Surface Profiles and Flow Resistance in a ComplexRiver Reach 843.9.3 Head-Loss Coefficients for a Penstock Bifurcation 854 LOOSE-BOUNDARY FLOW 894.1 Introduction 894.2 Processes 904.3 Dynamic Similitude 914.3.1 Flow over a Loose P

34、lanar Bed 964.3.2 Flow with Bedforms 84.3.3 Sediment Transport Rate 1004.3.4 Local Patterns of Flow and Sediment Movement 1024.4 Distorted Models 1034.5 Model Sediment Materials 1054.6 Examples 1074.6.1 Sediment Control at a Water Intake 1074.6.2 Flow Profiles in an Alluvial River 1104.6.3 Local Sco

35、ur around Bridge Piers and Abutments 1145 ICE 1195.1 Introduction 1195.2 Processes 95.3 Dynamic Similitude 1205.3.1 Flow Resistance 15.3.2 Ice-Piece Drift 15.3.3 Floating Ice Accumulations 1245.3.4 Wind 1275.3.5 Ice-Sheet Loads and Failure 1285.4 Model Distortion 1305.5 Model-Ice Materials 25.5.1 Un

36、breakable Sheets 1335.5.2 Unbreakable Ice Pieces 35.5.3 Breakable Ice 1365.6 Examples 1425.6.1 Ice Accumulation near a Hydropower Intake 1425.6.2 Ice Loads against Bridge Piers 143TABLE OF CONTENTS vii6 DEBRIS 1516.1 Introduction 1516.2 Processes 16.3 Dynamic Similitude Criteria 1536.3.1 Free Drift

37、of Debris 36.3.2 Debris Accumulation 1556.4 Vertical Distortion 1566.5 Model Debris Materials 66.6 Example 1566.6.1 Debris-Accumulation Boom 1577 GAS-LIQUID FLOWS 1617.1 Introduction 1617.2 Processes 27.2.1 Free-Surface Flows 1637.2.2 Siphon Spillways and Dropshafts 1647.2.3 High Head Gates and Cond

38、uit Flows 1647.2.4 Hydraulic Jumps in Closed Conduits and Air Transport 1647.2.5 Bubble Plumes and Aerators 1647.3 Dynamic Similitude 1657.4 Ascent of Single Bubbles 97.4.1 Single Bubbles in Unconfined Space 1697.4.2 Long Bubbles in Vertical Tubes 1707.5 Scaling Issues and Model-Prototype Conformity

39、 1717.5.1 Siphon Spillways 1747.5.2 Dropshafts 57.5.3 Spillway Chutes and Slot Aerators 1787.6 Cavitation 1807.6.1 Cavitation Similitude 1817.6.2 Cavitation Inception 37.6.3 Importance of Nuclei Measurement and Control 1847.6.4 Influence of Dissolved Gas 1867.6.5 Facilities and Techniques 77.7 Examp

40、les 1927.7.1 A Gas-Liquid Flow with Four Significant Forces 1927.7.2 Spillway Cavitation 1938 ENVIRONMENTAL FLOWS 1958.1 Introduction 1958.2 Processes 78.3 Dynamic Similitude for Buoyancy Modified Flows 1998.3.1 Similitude Criteria from Equations of Motion 2018.3.2 Dynamic Similitude Parameters 2038

41、.4 Examples of Buoyancy Modified Flows 68.4.1 Mixing of Effluent from Coastal Outfalls 2068.4.2 Purging of Seawater from Coastal Outfall Conduits 2098.4.3 Thermal Dispersion from Diffuser Pipes 2138.4.4 Cooling Tower and Smokestack Plumes 8viii HYDRAULIC MODELING: CONCEPTS AND PRACTICE8.4.5 Tidal Fl

42、ushing in Estuaries, Bays, and Marinas 2198.4.6 Dredged Material Dispersion 2238.4.7 Lakes and Reservoirs 2268.4.8 Mechanical Mixing Devices 2298.4.9 Groundwater Flows 2298.5 Slicks and Immiscible Flows 98.5.1 Dynamic Similitude for Oil Spills 2318.5.2 Example: Oil Spills under Ice Covers 2349 COAST

43、AL AND ESTUARY PROCESSES 2359.1 Introduction 2359.2 Processes 89.3 Dynamic Similitude of Fluid Motion 2399.4 Dynamic Similitude of Sediment Movement 2459.4.1 Planar Bed Offshore 2459.4.2 Planar Bed in the Breaking Zone 2499.4.3 Bedforms 2509.4.4 Suspended-Sediment Movement 2519.5 Vertical Distortion

44、 29.6 Stratified Fluids in Estuaries 2569.7 Special Facilities 2569.7.1 Wave Generation 2569.7.2 Tide Generation 99.8 Examples 2599.8.1 Erosion of Sand Islands 2599.8.2 Local Scour at a Jetty Due to Waves and Tidal Currents 2659.8.3 Wave Forces on a Submerged Water-Intake Cap 26510 HYDROELASTIC VIBR

45、ATIONS 27110.1 Introduction 27110.2 Processes 210.3 Assessment of Need for a Hydroelastic Model 27410.4 Dynamic Similitude 27510.4.1 Parameters 610.4.2 Scaling 27910.5 Model Material and Construction 28210.6 Scale Effects and Damping 28410.7 Examples 28510.7.1 Trashrack Vibration 28510.7.2 Fatigue o

46、f Baffle Blocks in a Stilling Basin 28911 HYDRAULIC MACHINERY 29311.1 Introduction 29311.2 Processes 311.3 Dynamic Similitude 29411.4 Turbine Constants 511.5 Model Efficiency Step-Up 296TABLE OF CONTENTS ix11.6 Special Facilities 29811.7 Example 29911.7.1 Turbine and Draft-Tube Surging 29912 DESIGN,

47、 CONSTRUCTION, AND OPERATION OFHYDRAULIC MODELS 30512.1 Introduction 30512.2 General Considerations 30512.3 Identifying the Appropriate Model 30612.4 Establishing Extent of Model 30712.5 Determining Model Scales 812.5.1 Scale Effects 30812.5.2 Facility Limitations 31012.5.3 Instrumentation Limitatio

48、ns 31012.5.4 Construction Considerations 012.6 Building the Model 31112.6.1 Horizontal and Vertical Control 31212.6.2 Elements of the Model 31212.6.3 Materials 31312.7 Computer Control and Computer-Aided Modeling 31612.8 Instrumentation and Data Acquisition 31712.8.1 Discharge 31912.8.2 Velocity 912

49、.8.3 Pressure 32012.8.4 Water Level 312.8.5 Tide and Wave Generation 32312.8.6 Other Parameters 32312.9 Flow Visualization and Recording 32312.10 Model Operation 512.10.1 Model Calibration 32512.10.2 Verification 32512.10.3 Validation 512.10.4 Uncertainty Analysis 32613 CASE STUDIES 32713.1 Introduction 713.2 River-Channel Modifications for White-Water Kayaking 32713.2.1 Background 32813.2.2 Model Design 813.2.3 Calibration 813.2.4 Testing 33013.3 Fish Diversion at a Powerhouse 33013.3.1 Background 113.3.2 Mo