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1、 ASCE Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice No. 119Buried Flexible Steel PipeDesign and Structural AnalysisPrepared bythe Task Committee on Buried Flexible (Steel) Pipe Load Stability Criteria edited by William R. Whidden.p. cm.(ASCE manuals and reports on engineering practice;no. 119)Includes

2、 bibliographical references and index.ISBN 978-0-7844-1058-51. Water-pipes. 2. Underground pipelines. 3. Pipe, Steel. 4. Flexible couplings.I. Whidden, William R. II. American Society of Civil Engineers. Task Committee on Buried Flexible (Steel) Pipe Load Stability Criteria e-mail: permissionsasce.o

3、rg. A reprint order form can be found at http:/pubs.asce.org/support/reprints/.Copyright 2009 by the American Society of Civil Engineers.All Rights Reserved.ISBN 978-0-7844-1058-5Manufactured in the United States of America.16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 1 2 3 4 5MANUALS AND REPORTS ON ENGINEERING PRACTICE

4、(As developed by the ASCE Technical Procedures Committee, July 1930, and revised March 1935, February 1962, and April 1982)A manual or report in this series consists of an orderly presentation of facts on a particular subject, supplemented by an analysis of limitations and applications of these fact

5、s. It contains information useful to the average engineer in his or her everyday work, rather than fi ndings that may be useful only occasionally or rarely. It is not in any sense a “stan-dard,” however; nor is it so elementary or so conclusive as to provide a “rule of thumb” for nonengineers.Furthe

6、rmore, material in this series, in distinction from a paper (which expresses only one persons observations or opinions), is the work of a committee or group selected to assemble and express information on a specifi c topic. As often as practicable, the committee is under the direction of one or more

7、 of the Technical Divisions and Councils, and the product evolved has been subjected to review by the Executive Committee of the Division or Council. As a step in the process of this review, proposed manuscripts are often brought before the members of the Technical Divi-sions and Councils for commen

8、t, which may serve as the basis for improvement. When published, each work shows the names of the com-mittees by which it was compiled and indicates clearly the several pro-cesses through which it has passed in review, in order that its merit may be defi nitely understood.In February 1962 (and revis

9、ed in April 1982) the Board of Direction voted to establish a series entitled “Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice,” to include the Manuals published and authorized to date, future Manuals of Professional Practice, and Reports on Engineering Practice. All such Manual or Report material of th

10、e Society would have been ref-ereed in a manner approved by the Board Committee on Publications and would be bound, with applicable discussion, in books similar to past Manuals. Numbering would be consecutive and would be a continuation of present Manual numbers. In some cases of reports of joint co

11、mmittees, bypassing of Journal publications may be authorized.MANUALS AND REPORTS ON ENGINEERING PRACTICE CURRENTLY AVAILABLENo. Title40 Ground Water Management45 Consulting Engineering: A Guide for the Engagement of Engineering Services49 Urban Planning Guide50 Planning and Design Guidelines for Sm

12、all Craft Harbors54 Sedimentation Engineering57 Management, Operation and Maintenance of Irrigation and Drainage Systems60 Gravity Sanitary Sewer Design and Construction, Second Edition62 Existing Sewer Evaluation and Rehabilitation66 Structural Plastics Selection Manual67 Wind Tunnel Studies of Bui

13、ldings and Structures68 Aeration: A Wastewater Treatment Process71 Agricultural Salinity Assessment and Management73 Quality in the Constructed Project: A Guide for Owners, Designers, and Constructors77 Design and Construction of Urban Stormwater Management Systems80 Ship Channel Design81 Guidelines

14、 for Cloud Seeding to Augment Precipitation82 Odor Control in Wastewater Treatment Plants84 Mechanical Connections in Wood Structures85 Quality of Ground Water91 Design of Guyed Electrical Transmission Structures92 Manhole Inspection and Rehabilitation, Second Edition93 Crane Safety on Construction

15、Sites94 Inland Navigation: Locks, Dams, and ChannelsNo. Title95 Urban Subsurface Drainage97 Hydraulic Modeling: Concepts and Practice98 Conveyance of Residuals from Water and Wastewater Treatment100 Groundwater Contamination by Organic Pollutants: Analysis and Remediation101 Underwater Investigation

16、s103 Guide to Hiring and Retaining Great Civil Engineers104 Recommended Practice for Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Products for Overhead Utility Line Structures105 Animal Waste Containment in Lagoons106 Horizontal Auger Boring Projects107 Ship Channel Design and Operation108 Pipeline Design for Installat

17、ion by Horizontal Directional Drilling109 Biological Nutrient Removal (BNR) Operation in Wastewater Treatment Plants110 Sedimentation Engineering: Processes, Measurements, Modeling, and Practice111 Reliability-Based Design of Utility Pole Structures112 Pipe Bursting Projects113 Substation Structure

18、Design Guide114 Performance-Based Design of Structural Steel for Fire Conditions115 Pipe Ramming Projects116 Navigation Engineering Practice and Ethical Standards117 Inspecting Pipeline Inatallation118 Belowground Pipeline Networks for Utility Cables119 Buried Flexible Steel Pipe: Design and Structu

19、ral AnalysisWe dedicate this manual of practice toDr. Reynold King Watkins, our beloved mentor.This book would not have been possible without your tireless efforts.With our warmest gratitude and appreciation, we thank you.William R. Whidden, P.E., ChairBrent Keil, P.E., Vice ChairRobert J. Card, P.E

20、., SecretarySpyros A. Karamanos, Ph.D.Randall C. Hill, P.E.J. Edward Barnhurst, P.E.David L. McPherson, P.E.Stephen F. Shumaker, P.E.Bruce VanderPloegHenry H. Bardakjian, P.E.John L. Luka, P.E.George F. RuchtiThis page intentionally left blank PREFACEMost Americans take for granted that every time t

21、hey open the faucet, clean, clear water fl ows out. There is never any thought to the reality that the piping systems used to transport the water is vitally important. But when service is interrupted, then the importance of buried pipe systems to the community becomes a reality and a priority. Witho

22、ut a reliable buried pipe system, an entire community can be momentarily incapacitated.The purpose of this manual is to provide information on the structural design and analysis of buried steel water and wastewater pipe consistent with the latest pipe and soil design concepts of the industry. Struct

23、ural design of welded steel pipe ensures adequate performance for the service life of the pipe. Design must be based on required lifetime performance and on limits of performance, sometimes referred to as “failure.” This manual also covers the performance limits, which are based on principles of pip

24、e mechanics and soil mechanics, and on the analysis of pipesoil interaction. This manual, however, does not describe manufacturing pro-cedures, which are satisfactorily addressed by standards from the Ameri-can Water Works Association and other standards-setting organizations.An understanding of the

25、 principles included in this manual is essential before applying the individual concepts to a design. Otherwise, extracting single design excerpts without that understanding may lead to an errone-ous evaluation.In 1958, Spangler and Watkins published the Modifi ed Iowa Formula for predicting the rin

26、g defl ection of buried fl exible pipe. Flexible pipe defl ects under soil load. Ring defl ection is a function of stiffness of the ring and support of the ring by soil at the sides of the pipe. The term Ewas fi rst promulgated in the Modifi ed Iowa Formula as a measure of that horizontal passive so

27、il support at the sides of the fl exible pipe infl uenced viiviii PREFACEby a size factor. With adequate E values, predicted ring defl ection is “controlled” within allowable limits. Unfortunately, E has been used as the basis for design of the pipe rather than the soil, from the inception of the fo

28、rmula up to the present day. This use of E is improper. E was never intended as a means for pipe design. It was originally intended to be a method of predicting the ring defl ection that could be verifi ed by fi eld measurement. Furthermore, there is no procedure for testing soil to deter-mine the v

29、alue of this original E. For the purpose of this manual, the use of the term E refers to the secant modulus of the soil, not to the E of the Modifi ed Iowa Formula.This manual provides appropriate analytical concepts to address the external loading principles of steel pipe design. Since the 1950s, D

30、r. Reynold King Watkins of Utah State Universityand othersdeveloped these external loading design concepts.Also, there has long been confusion as to the defi nition of fl exible pipe. Terms such as fl exible, semifl exible, semirigid, and rigid have been used and only add to this confusion. In effec

31、t, there are just two basic philosophies of pipe design: fl exible and rigid. What differentiates the two design principles is the method of analyzing resistance to internal and external forces.For rigid pipe design, these forces are additive. A combination internal and external loading analysis is

32、required, in which the stress in the pipe wall created by both thrust and bending forces is evaluated. The structural design of the pipe wall is developed to resist these forces.In fl exible steel pipe design, internal and external pressures are ana-lyzed independently. Any combination analysis woul

33、d show a reduction of the stress to be resisted. Therefore, independent analyses develop a more conservative design for fl exible pipe than would a combined stress analysis. Flexible pipe defl ects and conforms with soil embedment as soil is compressed.When designing steel pipe, the designer must co

34、nsider issues beyond the thickness of the steel cylinder. These considerations include the type of coating and linings to be applied and the type of joint confi guration consistent with the application. Certain coatings and linings are appropri-ate for some installation conditions and inappropriate

35、for others. The same holds true for the various joint confi gurations.As with any design, the designer should always be aware of the nature of the input data and the impact the results of a calculation have on the economics of a project. Rules of thumb do not have to be considered as absolute values

36、. The designer should use discretion when evaluating requirements for project design. Performance limits are not synonymous with failures. Both performance limits and failure mechanisms must be recognized.PREFACE ixPipes are an effi cient and economical means of transporting anything that can fl owf

37、l uid, slurry, gas, wire conduits, pedestrians, traffi c, and so on. Pipes even provide storage.The fi rst step for transportation of fl uids in pipe is to determine: What is to be transported? What is the rate (quantity) of fl ow? What are the pressure and pressure variations?Basic fundamentals of

38、design are pipe design, soil design, and pipesoil interaction.This Manual of Practice, Buried Flexible Steel Pipe: Design and Structural Analysis, has been organized to provide a structured, chronological design or analysis process for the student or design professional. Here is an overview of each

39、chapter and appendix.Chapter 1 provides the historical sequence of events leading to our understanding of relationships between buried steel pipe and soil. Chapter 2 lists the notations as used in the manual. Chapter 3 establishes the basis for design of the pipe, not the piping system. This is an i

40、mportant concept in understanding buried steel pipe design. Essentially, the steel pipe resists the internal forces, and the soil support resists the external forces. This chapter provides the design criteria and parameters to analyze pipe stresses and strains as well as explaining limitations on th

41、ose strains for pipe lining or coating issues.Chapter 4 provides the geotechnical principles that relate to buried pipe design and analysis. The projects geotechnical report should address certain data to assist the design engineer in analyzing and designing the soil embedment. Signifi cant paramete

42、rs include the soil unit weight, soil compressibility, and strength at soil slip. Chapter 5 begins the process of analyzing the relationship between pipe and soil that leads to a successful design, which is detailed in Chapter 6. Chapter 6 contains several design examples that demonstrate the design

43、 process outlined in the previous chapters. Chapter 7 addresses additional design and analysis topics. These may be uncommon to the majority of buried pipeline installations, such as seismic loading or pipe on supports, or they may be supplemental to a complete design, such as longitudinal thrust fo

44、rces. There is also information on optional methods of obtaining passive side support, such as fl owable fi ll.Appendix A is about the Iowa Formula. The Iowa Formula was origi-nally intended to show that ring defl ection is primarily a function of soil embedment and was not intended for the design o

45、f pipe. This formula has been misused for design for many years. This appendix explains the proper application of the formula.x PREFACEAppendix B is about soil slip analysis. “Soil slip” is the common description of a shearing failure in soil. By analyzing an infi nitesimal soil cube using a Mohr st

46、ress circle, we can determine or establish soil stability.In Appendix C, an example is presented to provide the engineer with a representative fi nite element model. The parallel trench condition was selected to provide a guide to understanding the benefi ts and procedures of this powerful tool.Appe

47、ndix D deals with external fl uid pressure. Because external fl uid pressure may be capable of collapsing a pipeline, this appendix provides information and examples to assist the engineer in recognizing and evalu-ating this condition and remedying any potential problem.Appendix E is called “The Sto

48、ry of Buried Steel Pipes and Tanks.” Students committed to an area of expertise should understand the back-ground and history of their chosen fi eld. Dr. Watkins, a pioneer in this fi eld, witnessedand madehistory in the area of buried steel pipes and buried tanks, much of which he personally experi

49、enced. This appendix is his historical account and provides a fascinating snapshot of that history and why many of the established concepts evolved.Appendix F demonstrates that nonuniform ring pressure is statically indeterminate. To approximate the condition, both static equilibrium equations and deformation equations are required. Examples of this con-dition are presented by applying a dummy force or bending moment to the ring.Appendix G presents the rationale associated with the developme