ASCE GPP 5-2009 GEO-VELOPMENT THE ROLE OF GEOLOGICAL AND GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING IN NEW AND REDEVELOPMENT PROJECTS.pdf

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1、GEOTECHNICAL PRACTICE PUBLICATION NO. 5 GEO-VELOPMENT THE ROLE OF GEOLOGICAL AND GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING IN NEW AND REDEVELOPMENT PROJECTS PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2008 BIENNIAL GEOTECHNICAL SEMINAR November 7, 2008 Denver, Colorado SPONSORED BY The Geo-Institute of the American Society of Civil Engineer

2、s Geotechnical Group of the Colorado Section of the American Society of Civil Engineers Rocky Mountain Section of the Association of Environmental and Engineering Geologists Colorado Association of Geotechnical Engineers EDITED BY Christoph M. Goss, Ph.D., P.E. Richard L. Wiltshire, P.E. Joels C. Ma

3、lama, P.E. Minal L. Parekh, P.E. Published by the American Society of Civil Engineers Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data. Biennial Geotechnical Seminar (2008 : Denver, Colo.) Geo-velopment the role of geological and geotechnical engineering in new and redevelopment projects : proceed

4、ings of the 2008 Biennial Geotechnical Seminar, November 7, 2008, Denver, Colorado / sponsored by The Geo-Institute of the American Society of Civil Engineers ; edited by Christoph M. Goss et al. p. cm. - (Geotechnical practice publication ; no. 5) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN

5、 978-0-7844-1006-6 1. Engineering geology-Colorado-Congresses. 2. Hydraulic engineering-Colorado- Congresses. I. Goss, Christoph M. II. American Society of Civil Engineers. Geo-Institute. III. Title. TA705.3.C6B54 2008 624.15109788-dc22 2008040615 American Society of Civil Engineers 1801 Alexander B

6、ell Drive Reston, Virginia, 20191-4400 www.pubs.asce.org Any statements expressed in these materials are those of the individual authors and do not necessarily represent the views of ASCE, which takes no responsibility for any statement made herein. No reference made in this publication to any speci

7、fic method, product, process, or service constitutes or implies an endorsement, recommendation, or warranty thereof by ASCE. The materials are for general information only and do not represent a standard of ASCE, nor are they intended as a reference in purchase specifications, contracts, regulations

8、, statutes, or any other legal document. ASCE makes no representation or warranty of any kind, whether express or implied, concerning the accuracy, completeness, suitability, or utility of any information, apparatus, product, or process discussed in this publication, and assumes no liability therefo

9、re. This information should not be used without first securing competent advice with respect to its suitability for any general or specific application. Anyone utilizing this information assumes all liability arising from such use, including but not limited to infringement of any patent or patents.

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11、 should be submitted to the Reprints Department, Publications Division, ASCE, (address above); email: permissionsasce.org. A reprint order form can be found at http:/pubs.asce.org/support/reprints/. Copyright 2009 by the American Society of Civil Engineers. All Rights Reserved. ISBN 978-0-7844-1006-

12、6 Manufactured in the United States of America. Cover Photo: 1515 Wynkoop, A Hines Project. Courtesy of Jim Niehoff, P. E. of PSI, Inc. Preface Across all lands and time, engineers have developed their environment to obtain housing, water, transportation, mineral resources, and protection. As struct

13、ures wore out or societal needs changed, the environment would be redeveloped. Inevitably, the development would start from the ground up, in the realm of the geotechnical engineer, who would make the foundation of the dam, building, or canal strong and clean. Geotechnical engineering in Colorado be

14、gan around the 8 thCentury A.D. at Mesa Verde, when the first reservoir was constructed by the Ancestral Puebloans. In the 19 thCentury, geotechnical engineering was focused on mining and irrigation. As cities grew in the 20 thCentury, the development focus shifted to large buildings, roads, airport

15、s, bridges, and dams. Today, Colorados geo-community continues its work to develop new areas and re-develop the old. We hope that this collection of seminar papers, presenting Colorados geotechnical practice and experience related development and re-development, will be of value to others worldwide.

16、 Since 1984, the ASCE Colorado Sections Geotechnical Group, in collaboration with the Rocky Mountain Section of the Association of Environmental and Engineering Geologists and the Colorado Association of Geotechnical Engineers, has organized a biennial series of geotechnical seminars on a wide varie

17、ty of themes that have been attended by as many as 270 civil/geotechnical engineers, geologists, and other geo- professionals. The geotechnical seminars have been held at area universities or hotels and have offered the opportunity for sharing ideas and experiences among Colorados diverse geo-discip

18、lines. Since 2004, ASCEs Geo-Institute has published the papers of these seminars in Geotechnical Practice Publications, allowing the experiences to be shared with a worldwide audience. The GEO-velopment Steering Committee convened in August 2007 and held monthly meetings to plan for the 2008 Bienni

19、al Geotechnical Seminar. The Steering Committee members included Joels Malama (Conference Chair), Dr. Christoph Goss, Mark Brooks, Dr. Bill McCarron, Minal Parekh, Becky Roland, Mark Vessely, Leslie Jansen, Steve Bryant, Jere Strickland, Keith Seaton, Melanie Longi, Joe Kerrigan, Chris Wienecke, and

20、 Richard Wiltshire. Christoph Goss, Richard Wiltshire, Joels Malama, and Minal Parekh iiiAcknowledgements The GEO-velopment Steering Committee wishes to take this opportunity to thank all of the authors and reviewers of our papers, which are herein presented as Geotechnical Practice Publication No.

21、5. The authors have spent many hours in preparing and finalizing their papers, which will be presented at the 2008 Biennial Geotechnical Seminar on November 7, 2008. These papers have been reviewed by a volunteer group of Denver area geo-professionals who put in their valuable time and helped make t

22、hese papers even better. The Geo-Institutes Committee on Technical Publications completed its review of our GEO-velopment papers in a very timely manner and their adherence to our aggressive publication schedule is greatly appreciated. We would also like to acknowledge the assistance of Donna Dicker

23、t of ASCEs Book Production Department for putting this publication together. ivv Contents Solving Complex Geotechnical Problems Downtown Redevelopment with Complex Site Constraints 1 James W. Niehoff Development Constraints in Areas with Sugar Beet Spoils . 9 Robin Dornfest, R. B. “Chip” Leadbetter

24、III, and Spencer Schram Ground Modification by Sub-Excavation for Subdivisions on Expansive Soils 22 T. Hart, R. W. Thompson, and R. M. McOmber Dams and Water Resources Remedial Measures for Spillway Stability Problem on the Colorado Front Range 38 Gokhan Inci, Dale M. Baures, and Michael J. Miller

25、Sinkhole Remediation and Geomembrane Lining of RCC Reservoir No. 1 53 Derek H. Foster, Roy Spitzer, and Colby J. Hayden Transient Seepage Analysis of Soil-Cement Uplift Pressures during Reservoir Drawdown 66 Robert J. Huzjak, Adam B. Prochaska, and James A. Olsen Considerations for Detection of Inte

26、rnal Erosion in Embankment Dams . 82 Robert L. Torres Reservoir Embankments of Mesa Verde . 99 Kenneth R. Wright and Ernest L. Pemberton Remediation and Innovation Brownfield Development Challenges at a Former Manufacturing Facility, Engineering “Opportunities” Make the Difference 110 Jon Friedman a

27、nd Ken Elliott Chilled Mirror Measurements of Soil Water Retention Curves . 127 Harold W. Olsen, Kerry Repola, and Christopher J. Wienecke Modeling the Effects of Intrinsic Damping in Soil-Structure Interaction 142 Judith Wang Earth Retention Asset Management Systems for Retaining Walls . 162 Scott

28、A. Anderson, Daniel Alzamora, and Matthew J. DeMarco vi Case HistorySouthlands Orchard Road Retaining Walls 178 Hsien-Hsiang (Sean) Chiang, Joseph B. Kerrigan, and Dustin E. Bennetts Garfield County Regional Airport Runway Upgrade Project 192 Alyssa Kohlman and Dave Hallman Indexes Subject Index . 2

29、05 Author Index 207 Downtown Redevelopment with Complex Site Constraints James W. Niehoff 1 , M. ASCE, P.E. 1 Chief Engineer, Professional Service Industries, Inc., 451 East 124 thAvenue, Thornton, Colorado 80241; ABSTRACT: When a developer selected a site in Denver for a new office building, there

30、 were numerous challenges to be faced. Due to zoning and height restrictions, the 8 story building required 4 levels of below grade parking, extending over 6 meters (20 feet) below the water table in coarse sand. On the northwest and southwest sides of the site, an existing basement wall was present

31、 at the property line, supporting critical utilities in the backfill zone. On the northeast side of the site, a portion of a newly completed building was supported on shallow footing foundations located about 6 meters (20 feet) above final proposed grade at the property line. As the new building was

32、 to extend to the property line, there was no room for a temporary excavation bracing system. All of these factors dictated a creative approach to site preparation and building construction. The ultimate approach to construction involved the installation of a secant wall around the entire periphery

33、of the site, extending into bedrock to cut off the majority of the groundwater, provide lateral and vertical support for the adjoining building, protect adjoining utilities and serve as the final basement wall for the office building. INTRODUCTION During the past few years, the Lower Downtown sectio

34、n of Denver, Colorado has experienced a period of significant development and redevelopment. Once a predominantly commercial/warehouse district, the area now includes Coors Field (a major league baseball park), as well as numerous shops, restaurants, condominiums, and offices. While older buildings

35、dating to the 1800s largely have been refurbished and converted to new use, a few more recently constructed buildings with less historical significance have been razed to make way for new development. One such building was the former United States Post Office Processing Center located within the cit

36、y block bordered by 15 th, Wynkoop, 16 thand Wewatta Streets at the western extreme of the Lower Downtown District. This large, utilitarian structure was constructed in the middle part of the 20 thCentury and included one to two basement levels and 4 levels above grade (Figure 1). Following acquisit

37、ion of the property by a national developer, 1the building was demolished to street level and the basements were filled with the resulting demolition debris. Due to the large size of the site, it was subdivided into two parcels. The northeastern half was developed first, with an 8 story office build

38、ing, currently housing the Denver Office of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). This entire parcel incorporated 2 levels of below-grade parking. The overlying 8-story office has a slightly smaller footprint, leaving an at grade access drive along the southwestern property line. This office bu

39、ilding is primarily supported by drilled pier foundations extending into the Denver Formation bedrock. However, the exterior wall of the parking deck running along the shared southwestern property line was supported by a strip footing foundation bearing at a depth of about 7 meters (22 feet) below a

40、djacent street grades. Following substantial completion of the EPA building, plans were developed for construction of a second office building on the remaining parcel of land. This was also to be an 8-story office building to house a prominent local insurance company. Due to local building height re

41、strictions and tenant requirements, plans called for the building to incorporate 4 levels of below-grade parking. This requirement would ultimately create significant complications for the project and necessitate innovative approaches to both design and construction. PROJECT CHALLENGES The 1515 Wynk

42、oop Project, as it was ultimately designated, faced a number of significant challenges including high groundwater, the presence of existing structural elements, and the need to protect adjacent sensitive utilities and structures during and after construction. The subsurface profile in the project si

43、te area consists of Quaternary-aged alluvial sands and gravels extending to depths of about 13 to 14 meters (40 to 45 feet) below Figure 1: Post Office Processing Center GEO-velopment 2grade atop the Denver Formation (Niehoff, 2006). The bedrock consists of weakly to moderately cemented sandstone/cl

44、aystone which extends to a depth of over 100 meters (300 feet). The Denver Formation materials are relatively impervious, and as a result, support aerially extensive perched groundwater. The system is recharged locally by the infiltration of surface water through the pervious surficial sands and by

45、Cherry Creek, which is located two blocks to the south of the site. While fluctuations in the water table occur seasonally, groundwater is typically found about 8 to 9 meters (24 to 27 feet) below the level of the surrounding streets. Given that the parking levels would need to extend to a depth of

46、13 to 15 meters (40 to 45 feet) below street level, groundwater would need to be considered both during and after building construction. The post office building that had previously occupied the site had been supported by a system of footing foundations bearing in dense sand strata at the approximat

47、e level of the groundwater system. The foundations around the periphery of the building extended to the property line and supported a thick reinforced concrete basement wall. The foundations and basement walls had been left in-place during building demolition and the open basement areas had been fil

48、led with construction debris. New construction would require excavations to depths of over 6 meters (20 feet) below the bearing elevations of the existing foundations and the base of this wall. Due to the presence of critical utilities, including fiber optic cables, water and gas lines within 1 to 2

49、 meters (3 to 5 feet) of the existing basement walls, it would not be possible to install a new excavation bracing system at the property line to allow for the removal of these basement walls. The new structure was also designed to extend to the sites northeastern property line. This would require a cut extending to a depth of over 6 meters (20 feet) below the footing foundations supporting the exterior wall of the EPA building parking structure. A section through the site presenting this geometry is presented on Figure 2, below. Denver Shale