ASA S3 20-2015 American National Standard Bioacoustical Terminology.pdf

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1、 ANSI/ASA S3.20-2015 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Bioacoustical Terminology Accredited Standards Committee S3, Bioacoustics Standards Secretariat Acoustical Society of America 1305 Walt Whitman Road, Suite 300 Melville, NY 11747ANSI/ASAS3.20-2015 The American National Standards Institute, Inc. (ANSI)

2、is the national coordinator of voluntary standards development and the clearinghouse in the U.S.A. for information on national and international standards. The Acoustical Society of America (ASA) is an organization of scientists and engineers formed in 1929 to increase and diffuse the knowledge of a

3、coustics and to promote its practical applications. ANSI/ASA S3.20-2015 (Revision of ANSI S3.20-1995) AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Bioacoustical Terminology Secretariat: Acoustical Society of America Approved on October 22, 2015 by: American National Standards Institute, Inc. Abstract This standard pr

4、ovides definitions for a wide variety of terms used in human bioacoustics, including hearing, speech, psychoacoustics, and physiological acoustics. It is intended to supplement ANSI/ASA S1.1-2013 American National Standard Acoustical Terminology in which more generally used terms in acoustics are de

5、fined, including a number of terms from physiological and psychological acoustics and music. Those terms from ANSI/ASA S1.1-2013 that are related to bioacoustics are included in this Standard as annexes. 2015 Acoustical Society of America All rights reserved ii Foreword This Foreword is for informat

6、ion only, and is not a part of the American National Standard ANSI/ASA S3.20-2015 American National Standard Bioacoustical Terminology. As such, this Foreword may contain material that has not been subjected to public review or a consensus process. In addition, it does not contain requirements neces

7、sary for conformance to the standard. This standard comprises a part of a group of definitions, standards, and specifications for use in bioacoustics. It was developed and approved by Accredited Standards Committee S3 Bioacoustics, under its approved operating procedures. Those procedures have been

8、accredited by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). The Scope of Accredited Standards Committee S3 is as follows: Standards, specifications, methods of measurement and test, and terminology in the fields of psychological and physiological acoustics, including aspects of general acoustics

9、 which pertain to biological safety, tolerance and comfort. This standard is a revision of ANSI S3.20-1995, which has been technically revised. New terms have been added, deprecated terms removed, and a number of terms have had their definitions updated. The normative references have been updated, a

10、nd updated terms from ANSI/ASA S1.1-2013 appear in the annexes. Additional information has been added in blue font to some of the terms in the annexes for completeness, clarity, and consistency in bioacoustics. This standard is not comparable to any existing ISO Standard. At the time this Standard w

11、as submitted to Accredited Standards Committee S3, Bioacoustics, for approval, the membership was as follows: C.J. Struck, Chair P.B. Nelson, Vice-Chair S.B. Blaeser, Secretary Acoustical Society of America . C.J. Struck . P.B. Nelson (Alt.) American Academy of Audiology .C. Schweitzer . T. Ricketts

12、 (Alt.) American Academy of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Inc. . .R.A. Dobie . A. Kim (Alt.) American Industrial Hygiene Association T.K. Madison . D. Driscoll (Alt.) American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) L.A. Wilber N. DiSarno (Alt.) Beltone/GN Resound. S. Petrovic Council fo

13、r Accreditation in Occupational Hearing Conservation (CAOHC) . B. Charlton B. Kirchner (Alt.) 2015 Acoustical Society of America All rights reserved iiiDiagnostic Group T. McColley P. Dobrowski (Alt.) ETS-Lindgren Acoustic Systems S. Dunlap D. Winker (Alt.) Etymotic Research, Inc. . M.C. Killion J.K

14、. Stewart (Alt.) Food and Drug Administration S-C Peng G.R.A.S. Sound FAX: 631-923-2875; E-mail: asastdsacousticalsociety.org. AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/ASA S3.20-2015 2015 Acoustical Society of America All rights reserved 1American National Standard Bioacoustical Terminology 1 Scope This Amer

15、ican National Standard provides definitions for terms used in human bioacoustics. Some additional general terms for measurement and instruments related to applications in psychoacoustics are also provided. Acoustical terms of more general use in the performance of acoustical measurements, the proper

16、ties of electroacoustic transducers, and applications in the fields of architectural acoustics, environmental acoustics, underwater sound, and music are provided in ANSI/ASA S1.1-2013 American National Standard Acoustical Terminology. A selected set of terms from clause 3 of ANSI/ASA S1.1-2013 invol

17、ving acoustical levels is listed here in Annex A, and terms from clause 6 on transducer and linear system properties are included here as Annex B. The entire clause 11 of ANSI/ASA S1.1-2013 containing psychoacoustics and physiological acoustical terminology is included here in Annex C, and the entir

18、e clause 12 on musical acoustics is included here in Annex D. All terms defined in the body of the text and in the annexes are listed in an alphabetical index. 2 References Many of the terms in this standard are taken from the following referenced documents. For dated references, only the edition ci

19、ted applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ANSI/ASA S1.1-2013 American National Standard Acoustical Terminology ANSI/ASA S3.1-1999 (R 2013) American National Standard Maximum Permissible Ambient Noise Levels for Audiometric

20、Test Rooms ANSI/ASA S3.4-2007 (R 2012) American National Standard Procedure for the Computation of Loudness of Steady Sounds ANSI/ASA S3.5-1997 (R 2012) American National Standard Methods for Calculation of the Speech Intelligibility Index ANSI/ASA S3.6-2010 American National Standard Specification

21、for Audiometers ANSI/ASA S3.7-1995 (R 2008) American National Standard Method for Coupler Calibration of Earphones ANSI S3.13-1987 (R 2012) American National Standard Mechanical Coupler for Measurement of Bone Vibrators ANSI/ASA S3.21-2004 (R 2009) American National Standard Methods for Manual Pure-

22、Tone Threshold Audiometry ANSI/ASA S3.22-2009 American National Standard Specification of Hearing Aid Characteristics ANSI/ASA S3.25-2009 (R2014) American National Standard for an Occluded Ear Simulator ANSI/ASA S3.20-2015 2015 Acoustical Society of America All rights reserved 2ANSI/ASA S3.35-2010 (

23、R2015) American National Standard Method of Measurement of Performance Characteristics of Hearing Aids under Simulated Real-Ear Working Conditions ANSI/ASA S3.36-2012 American National Standard Specification for a Manikin for Simulated in situ Airborne Acoustic Measurements ANSI/ASA S3.39-1987 (R201

24、2) American National Standard Specifications for Instruments to Measure Aural Acoustic Impedance and Admittance (Aural Acoustic Immittance) ANSI/ASA S3.45-2009 (R2014) American National Standard Procedures for Testing Basic Vestibular Function ANSI/ASA S3.46-2013 American National Standard Methods o

25、f Measurement of Real-Ear Performance Characteristics of Hearing Aids ANSI/ASA S3.47-2014 American National Standard Specification of Performance Measurement of Hearing Assistance Devices/Systems ANSI/ASA S3.55-2014/Part 1 / IEC 60318-1:2009 American National Standard Electroacoustics Simulators of

26、Human Head and Ear Part 1: Ear Simulator for the Measurement of Supra-aural and Circumaural Earphones (a nationally adopted international standard) ANSI/ASA S3.55-2015/Part 3 / IEC 60318-3:2014 American National Standard Electroacoustics Simulators of Human Head and Ear Part 3: Acoustic Coupler for

27、the Calibration of Supra-aural earphones used in audiometry (a nationally adopted international standard) ANSI/ASA S3.55-2014/Part 5 / IEC 60318-5:2006 (MOD) American National Standard Electroacoustics Simulators of Human Head and Ear Part 5: 2 cm2Coupler for the Measurement of Hearing Aids and Earp

28、hones Coupled to the Ear by Means of Ear Inserts (a modified Nationally adopted international standard) ANSI/IEEE 260.4-1996 (R2008), Standard Letter Symbols and Abbreviations for Quantities Used in Acoustics IEC 60050-801:1994 International Electrotechnical Vocabulary, Chapter 801: Acoustics and el

29、ectroacoustics IEC/TR 60268-13:1998 Sound system equipment Part 13: Listening tests on loudspeakers IEC 60268-16:2011 Sound system equipment - Part 16: Objective rating of speech intelligibility by speech transmission index 3 Anatomy and physiology of the human auditory system 3.01 acoustic nerve; a

30、uditory nerve; eighth cranial nerve; vestibulocochlear nerve. Nerve, consisting of two sets of fibers: the anterior branch or cochlear nerve and the posterior branch or vestibular nerve. Afferent fibers of the nerve conduct neural signals from the inner ear to the central nervous system; efferent fi

31、bers transmit signals from the central nervous system to the inner ear. 3.02 acoustic reflex. Middle-ear muscle (stapedius and tensor-tympani) reflex elicited by an acoustic stimulus. ANSI/ASA S3.20-2015 2015 Acoustical Society of America All rights reserved 33.03 acoustic-reflex activating stimulus

32、. Acoustic signal that is used to elicit an acoustic reflex. See 3.02, 3.62. 3.04 auditory ossicles; ossicles. Three small bones in the middle ear; i.e., the malleus, the incus and the stapes. These bones transmit mechanical vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the oval window of the cochlea. 3.

33、05 auditory tube; Eustachian tube. Tube that connects the middle ear with the nasal part of the pharynx. The auditory tube serves to equalize air pressure on the two sides of the tympanic membrane, i.e., middle ear pressure and ambient pressure. 3.06 auricle; pinna. The external and visible portion

34、of the ear comprising an ovoid-formed, skin-covered, fibro-cartilaginous appendage that is attached to the head around the opening of the external auditory meatus. The auricle contributes to the localization of sounds in the front-back and vertical directions. NOTE See E.A.G. Shaw, “Transformation o

35、f sound pressure level from the free field to the eardrum in the horizontal plane,” J. Acous. Soc. Am., 56, No. 6 (1974) 1848-1861. 3.07 basilar membrane. Fibrous plate extending from the osseous spiral lamina to the spiral ligament on the outer wall of the cochlea. The basilar membrane separates th

36、e scala media from the scala tympani and supports the organ of Corti. 3.08 border cells. A single row of supporting cells lying on the inward side of (medial to) the inner hair cells in the organ of Corti. The upper part (or superior surfaces) of the border cells form part of the reticular lamina. S

37、ee 3.43. 3.09 cells of Claudius. Cells that lie on the outward side of (lateral to) the cells of Hensen in the organ of Corti. 3.10 cells of Deiter; outer phalangeal cells. Several rows of supporting cells that extend from the basilar membrane and support the outer hair cells in the organ of Corti.

38、Processes from the cells of Deiter form part of the reticular lamina. 3.11 cells of Hensen. Several rows of supporting cells lying on the outward side of (lateral to) the cells of Deiter in the organ of Corti. Processes from the cells of Hensen form part of the reticular lamina. 3.12 cerumen; ear wa

39、x. Secretion from the ceruminous glands of the external auditory meatus, typically brown-yellow-black in color. 3.13 cochlea. Spirally coiled, tapered cavity within the temporal bone consisting of about two and three-eighths turns in humans. The cochlea contains the receptor organs essential to hear

40、ing. Part of the osseous labyrinth, see 3.44. 3.14 cochlear duct. That portion of the membranous labyrinth contained within the cochlea. The cochlear duct is an endolymph-filled duct following the spiral shape of the cochlea, and contains the organ of Corti. The cavity of the cochlear duct is called

41、 the scala media. 3.15 cochlear nerve. Anterior branch of the vestibulocochlear (8thcranial) nerve. The cochlear nerve arises from the nerve cells of the spiral ganglion of the cochlea and terminates in the dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei in the brain stem. It contains both afferent and efferent

42、nerve fibers. ANSI/ASA S3.20-2015 2015 Acoustical Society of America All rights reserved 43.16 cochlear structures. Term used collectively to describe the partitions of the scala media, the most significant of which are the basilar membrane, the tectorial membrane, Reissners membrane, and the organ

43、of Corti. 3.17 concha. A depression in the external ear surrounding the meatus bounded in front by the tragus (3.69) and above, to the rear and below by cartilaginous ridges. It and the boundary ridges contribute to sound source direction and location. It also aids fitting and retention of ear molds

44、 in the meatus. NOTE Of the visible and identified anatomical features of the pinna, the concha and tragus together are acoustically its most important features because of their shape, dimensions and location relative to and surrounding the entrance to the ear canal. 3.18 contralateral reflex; cross

45、ed reflex. Middle-ear muscle reflex that is elicited in the ear contralateral (opposite) to the stimulus ear. When the stimulus is acoustic, the resulting middle-ear muscle reflex is sometimes called contralateral acoustic reflex or crossed acoustic reflex. 3.19 cross hearing. Phenomenon in which so

46、unds presented to one ear are coupled around or through the head and are heard in the other ear. 3.20 ear. Organ of hearing. In humans it consists of three parts: external (outer) ear, middle ear or tympanic cavity, and the inner ear or labyrinth. 3.21 endocochlear potential. Resting electric polari

47、zation of the endolymph of the scala media, positive relative to the perilymph in the scala vestibuli and scala tympani and also to tissues outside of these canals. Abbreviation, EP. Unit, volt. Symbol, V. 3.22 endolymph. Fluid, high in potassium and low in sodium content, contained within the membr

48、anous labyrinth. 3.23 external acoustic meatus; external auditory meatus; external auditory canal; ear canal. Canal that directs sound from the auricle to the tympanic membrane. 3.24 external ear; outer ear. Combination of the auricle and the external acoustic meatus. 3.25 hair cells in organ of Cor

49、ti. Sensory receptor cells for hearing. Hair cells are ciliated epithelial cells located within the organ of Corti and are subdivided into the inner hair cells and the outer hair cells. Nerve innervation is different for the inner and outer hair cells. Several dozen hairlike processes, called stereovilli, are attached to the cuticular surface at the free end of each hair cell; the cuticular surface forms part of the reticular lamina. The bases of the hair cells are in contact with the dendritic processes of the neurons of the spiral ganglion of the cochl