ASHRAE 23 2-2014 Methods of Test for Rating the Performance of Positive Displacement Compressors that Operate at Supercritical Pressures of the Refrigerants.pdf

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1、ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 23.2-2014Methods of Test for Ratingthe Performance of PositiveDisplacement Compressorsthat Operate at SupercriticalPressures of the RefrigerantsApproved by the ASHRAE Standards Committee on June 28, 2014; by the ASHRAE Board of Directors on July 2, 2014; and by theAmerican Natio

2、nal Standards Institute on July 3, 2014.ASHRAE Standards are scheduled to be updated on a five-year cycle; the date following the standard number is the year ofASHRAE Board of Directors approval. The latest edition of an ASHRAE Standard may be purchased on the ASHRAE website(www.ashrae.org) or from

3、ASHRAE Customer Service, 1791 Tullie Circle, NE, Atlanta, GA 30329-2305. E-mail:ordersashrae.org. Fax: 678-539-2129. Telephone: 404-636-8400 (worldwide) or toll free 1-800-527-4723 (for orders in US andCanada). For reprint permission, go to www.ashrae.org/permissions. 2014 ASHRAE ISSN 1041-2336SPECI

4、AL NOTEThis American National Standard (ANS) is a national voluntary consensus standard developed under the auspices of ASHRAE.Consensus is defined by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), of which ASHRAE is a member and which has approved thisstandard as an ANS, as “substantial agreemen

5、t reached by directly and materially affected interest categories. This signifies the concurrenceof more than a simple majority, but not necessarily unanimity. Consensus requires that all views and objections be considered, and that aneffort be made toward their resolution.” Compliance with this sta

6、ndard is voluntary until and unless a legal jurisdiction makes compliancemandatory through legislation.ASHRAE obtains consensus through participation of its national and international members, associated societies, and public review.ASHRAE Standards are prepared by a Project Committee appointed spec

7、ifically for the purpose of writing the Standard. The ProjectCommittee Chair and Vice-Chair must be members of ASHRAE; while other committee members may or may not be ASHRAE members, allmust be technically qualified in the subject area of the Standard. Every effort is made to balance the concerned i

8、nterests on all ProjectCommittees.The Manager of Standards of ASHRAE should be contacted for:a. interpretation of the contents of this Standard,b. participation in the next review of the Standard,c. offering constructive criticism for improving the Standard, ord. permission to reprint portions of th

9、e Standard.DISCLAIMERASHRAE uses its best efforts to promulgate Standards and Guidelines for the benefit of the public in light of available information andaccepted industry practices. However, ASHRAE does not guarantee, certify, or assure the safety or performance of any products, components,or sys

10、tems tested, installed, or operated in accordance with ASHRAEs Standards or Guidelines or that any tests conducted under itsStandards or Guidelines will be nonhazardous or free from risk.ASHRAE INDUSTRIAL ADVERTISING POLICY ON STANDARDSASHRAE Standards and Guidelines are established to assist indust

11、ry and the public by offering a uniform method of testing for ratingpurposes,bysuggestingsafepracticesindesigningandinstallingequipment,byprovidingproperdefinitionsofthisequipment,andbyprovidingother information that may serve to guide the industry.The creation of ASHRAE Standards and Guidelines is

12、determined by the need for them,and conformance to them is completely voluntary.In referring to this Standard or Guideline and in marking of equipment and in advertising, no claim shall be made, either stated or implied,that the product has been approved by ASHRAE.ASHRAE Standard Project Committee 2

13、3.2CognizantTC:TC 8.1, Positive Displacement CompressorsSPLS Liaison: Julie M. FergusonScott M. MacBain, Sr., Chair* Souhel Stanbouly*Shane J. Angle* Georgi S. Kazachki*Doug Collings* Curtis R. Slayton*Richard L. Hall*Denotes members of voting status when the document was approved for publicationASH

14、RAE STANDARDS COMMITTEE 20132014William F. Walter, Chair David R. Conover Malcolm D. KnightRichard L. Hall, Vice-Chair John F. Dunlap Rick A. LarsonKarim Amrane James W. Earley, Jr. Mark P. ModeraJoseph R. Anderson Steven J. Emmerich Cyrus H. NasseriJames Dale Aswegan Julie M. Ferguson Janice C. Pet

15、ersonCharles S. Barnaby Krishnan Gowri Heather L. PlattSteven F. Bruning Cecily M. Grzywacz Douglas T. ReindlJohn A. Clark Rita M. Harrold Julia A. Keen, BOD ExOWaller S. Clements Adam W. Hinge Thomas E. Werkema, Jr., CODebra H. KennoyStephanie C. Reiniche, Manager of StandardsCONTENTSANSI/ASHRAE St

16、andard 23.2-2014,Methods of Test for Rating the Performance of Positive Displacement Compressorsthat Operate at Supercritical Pressures of the RefrigerantsSECTION PAGEForeword .21 Purpose.22 Scope23 Definitions .24 Classifications .35 Requirements46 Instruments .97 Methods of Testing108 Compressor T

17、esting109 Compressor Unit Testing 1210 References13Informative Annex A: Bibliography 14NOTEApproved addenda, errata, or interpretations for this standard can be downloaded free of charge from the ASHRAEWeb site at www.ashrae.org/technology. 2014 ASHRAE1791 Tullie Circle NE Atlanta, GA 30329 www.ashr

18、ae.org All rights reserved.ASHRAE is a registered trademark of the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.ANSI is a registered trademark of the American National Standards Institute.2 ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 23.2-2014(This foreword is not part of this standard. I

19、t is merelyinformative and does not contain requirements necessaryfor conformance to the standard. It has not been pro-cessed according to the ANSI requirements for a standardand may contain material that has not been subject topublic review or a consensus process. Unresolved objec-tors on informati

20、ve material are not offered the right toappeal at ASHRAE or ANSI.)FOREWORDASHRAE Standard 23.1, Methods of Testing for Ratingthe Performance of Positive Displacement Refrigerant Com-pressors and Compressor Units that Operate at SubcriticalTemperatures of the Refrigerant, does not apply to the perfor

21、-mance testing of positive displacement compressors thatoperate at supercritical pressures of the refrigerant (forexample, compressors that operate on CO2). This new stan-dard fills that void by providing methods of test for rating theperformance of positive displacement compressors and com-pressor

22、units that operate at supercritical pressures of therefrigerant. This new standard is written in compliance withASHRAEs mandatory language requirements.1. PURPOSEThe purpose of this standard is to provide methods of test forrating the thermodynamic performance of positive displace-ment refrigerant c

23、ompressors and compressor units that oper-ate at supercritical pressures of the refrigerant.2. SCOPEThis standard applies to the methods of testing for rating thethermodynamic performance of positive displacement refrig-erant compressors and compressor units that are operated atdischarge pressures g

24、reater than the critical pressure of therefrigerant which either (a) do not have intermediate coolingor refrigerant injection or (b) incorporate intermediate cool-ing means or refrigerant injection that is achieved by com-pressor power and controlled by a steady-flow-rate method.3. DEFINITIONSThe fo

25、llowing definitions apply to the terms used in this stan-dard.calorimeter: a thermally insulated apparatus containing aheat exchanger in which the mass flow rate of a refrigerant isdetermined by measuring the heat input/output that will resultin a corresponding enthalpy change for the refrigerant.ca

26、pacity: the rate of heat removal by the refrigerant used inthe compressor or compressor unit in a refrigerating system.This rate equals the product of the refrigerant mass flow rateand the difference in the specific enthalpies of the refrigerantvapor at its thermodynamic state entering the compresso

27、r orcompressor unit and refrigerant liquid at the thermodynamicstate entering the pressor or compressor unit efficiency (isentropic effi-ciency): the ratio of the work absorbed for compressing a unitmass of refrigerant entering the stage of the compressor orcompressor unit to the work absorbed for c

28、ompressing thesame unit mass of refrigerant by isentropic compressionwithin the pressor unit: one or more positive displacement com-pressors and motors with ancillaries. Informative Note:Ancillaries might include fans, liquid receivers, interstagecoolers, desuperheaters, strainers, service valves, c

29、heckvalves, suction filters, lubricant separators, motor starters,unloaders, variable-capacity controls, electronic or electrome-chanical, as supplied or specified by the manufacturer.confirming test: a completely independent and simultaneoustest conducted to verify the accuracy of the primary test

30、(com-pare to primary test). Compressor or compressor unit ratingsare determined from the primary test results.energy efficiency ratio (EER): a dimensional ratio of thecooling capacity (Btu/h) to the power input (W).enthalpy: thermodynamic parameter equal to the sum of theinternal energy of a system

31、and the product of its pressure andvolume at the same thermodynamic condition (compare tospecific enthalpy).error: the difference between the true value of the quantitymeasured and the observed value. All errors in experimentaldata are classified as one of two types: systematic (fixed)errors or rand

32、om (precision) errors. The terms accuracy andprecision are often used to distinguish between systematicand random errors. A measurement with small systematicerrors is said to be unbiased. A measurement with small ran-dom errors is said to have high precision. A measurement thatis unbiased and precis

33、e is said to be accurate.flowmeter: a device employing a detecting element that deter-mines the flow rate of a refrigerant in the gaseous, liquid, orsupercritical phase within a closed conduit by measuring asuitable response of the detecting element.hermetic compressor: a motorcompressor assembly co

34、n-tained within a gas-tight housing that is permanently sealedby welding, brazing, soldering, or gluing with no access forservicing internal parts in the field.intermediate cooling means: a method of cooling the com-pressor mechanism or lubricant, or a method of cooling therefrigerant between stages

35、 for the reduction of discharge tem-perature using a heat exchanger. When used, the heatexchanger component of the intermediate cooling means isintegral to the compressor or compressor unit. The intermedi-ate cooling means thermal load is not taken into accountwhen calculating compressor or compress

36、or unit capacity,volumetric efficiency, or isentropic compression work.intermediate pressure: the pressure of the refrigerant return-ing to the compressor or compressor unit not from the evapo-rator but at pressures higher than the evaporator pressure fromsystem components such as interstage coolers

37、, economizers,or refrigerant injectors.lubricant circulation rate: the ratio of the mass of lubricantcirculating through a refrigerant system component to thetotal mass of refrigerant and lubricant flowing through thesystem component at a specified set of operating conditions.ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 23

38、.2-2014 3motor-compressor: a motor and an open-drive compressormounted onto a common structural base but not integrated intoa gas-tight housing (compare to semi-hermetic compressor).open compressor: a refrigerant compressor with a shaft orother moving part extending through its casing to be drivenby

39、 an external source of power.performance factor: the ratio of capacity to power input atspecified operating conditions.positive displacement refrigerant compressor: a machinethat increases the pressure of a refrigerant vapor by reducingthe compression chamber volume.power input: a term used to refer

40、 to the power input to theshaft of open compressors; to the power input at the motorterminals for hermetic compressors, semihermetic compres-sors, or motor-compressors; or to the power absorbed by allancillaries that are necessary to sustain the operation of thecompressor or compressor unit (e.g., o

41、il pump, fan motors,controls components, and circulating pumps).primary test: a test performed to determine the ratings of acompressor or compressor unit (compare to confirming test).random error: an error that causes readings to take randomvalues on either side of a mean value. The random error isq

42、uantified based on how well an instrument can reproducesubsequent readings for an unchanging input. Random errorscannot be corrected through calibration.refrigerant compressor: the mechanical component thatincreases the pressure of the refrigerant and moves it throughthe system.refrigerant injection

43、: a method of internally cooling the com-pressor mechanism or lubricant, for the reduction of dischargetemperature, by introducing refrigerant into the compressor orcompressor unit during compression. The refrigerant injectionmass flow rate is used for the sole purpose of cooling the com-pressor (co

44、mpare to intermediate pressure mass flow rate of atwo-stage compressor). The refrigerant injection mass flowrate is not taken into account when calculating compressor orcompressor unit capacity or volumetric efficiency.refrigerant mass flow rate: the mass flow rate of the refriger-ant, which is pote

45、ntially mixed with lubricant.semi-hermetic compressor: a motorcompressor assemblycontained within a gas-tight housing that is sealed by gas-keted joints to provide access for servicing internal parts(compare to motor-compressor).single-stage compressor: a compressor that has a single com-pression ch

46、amber or a compressor with two or more compres-sion chambers connected in parallel.Informative Note: A single-stage compressor may ormay not have refrigerant injection.specific enthalpy: enthalpy per unit mass of substance.steady-state operation: operation where no less than threesuccessive data poi

47、nts obtained at each set of specified condi-tions are neither successively increasing nor successivelydecreasing. To ensure conditions are stable, run data readingsshall be taken no less than three minutes apart, and the testshall be continued until three successive readings are withinthe limits of

48、tolerances specified in Section 8.2 or 9.2.suction pressure: the pressure of the superheated refrigerantvapor returning to the compressor or compressor unit fromthe evaporator.supercritical pressure: a pressure higher than the criticalpoint pressure of that specific refrigerant.systematic error: an

49、error that persists but is not due tochance. Calibration corrects systematic errors.two-stage compressor: a compressor that has one or morecompression chambers and no less than three refrigerant com-munication ports: (a) a low-pressure suction port, (b) a high-pressure discharge port, and (c) an intermediate pressure inletport. The intermediate pressure mass flow rate is not takeninto account when calculating compressor or compressor unitcapacity or volumetric efficiency. The difference between arefrigerant injection mass flow rate and an intermediat