ASHRAE 15-2016 Safety Standard for Refrigeration Systems.pdf

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1、ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 15-2016(Supersedes ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 15-2013)Includes ANSI/ASHRAE addenda listed in Appendix FSafety Standard forRefrigeration SystemsSee Appendix F for approval dates by the ASHRAE Standards Committee, the ASHRAE Board of Directors, and the Ameri-can National Standards Insti

2、tute.This Standard is under continuous maintenance by a Standing Standard Project Committee (SSPC) for which the StandardsCommittee has established a documented program for regular publication of addenda or revisions, including procedures fortimely, documented, consensus action on requests for chang

3、e to any part of the Standard. The change submittal form,instructions, and deadlines may be obtained in electronic form from the ASHRAE website (www.ashrae.org) or in paperform from the Senior Manager of Standards. The latest edition of an ASHRAE Standard may be purchased from theASHRAE website (www

4、.ashrae.org) or from ASHRAE Customer Service, 1791 Tullie Circle, NE, Atlanta, GA 30329-2305.E-mail: ordersashrae.org. Fax: 678-539-2129. Telephone: 404-636-8400 (worldwide), or toll free 1-800-527-4723 (fororders in US and Canada). For reprint permission, go to www.ashrae.org/permissions. 2016 ASHR

5、AE ISSN 1041-2336SPECIAL NOTEThis American National Standard (ANS) is a national voluntary consensus Standard developed under the auspices of ASHRAE. Consensus is definedby the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), of which ASHRAE is a member and which has approved this Standard as an ANS, a

6、s“substantial agreement reached by directly and materially affected interest categories. This signifies the concurrence of more than a simple majority,but not necessarily unanimity. Consensus requires that all views and objections be considered, and that an effort be made toward their resolution.”Co

7、mpliance with this Standard is voluntary until and unless a legal jurisdiction makes compliance mandatory through legislation. ASHRAE obtains consensus through participation of its national and international members, associated societies, and public review.ASHRAE Standards are prepared by a Project

8、Committee appointed specifically for the purpose of writing the Standard. The ProjectCommittee Chair and Vice-Chair must be members of ASHRAE; while other committee members may or may not be ASHRAE members, allmust be technically qualified in the subject area of the Standard. Every effort is made to

9、 balance the concerned interests on all Project Committees. The Senior Manager of Standards of ASHRAE should be contacted fora. interpretation of the contents of this Standard,b. participation in the next review of the Standard,c. offering constructive criticism for improving the Standard, ord. perm

10、ission to reprint portions of the Standard.DISCLAIMERASHRAE uses its best efforts to promulgate Standards and Guidelines for the benefit of the public in light of available information and acceptedindustry practices. However, ASHRAE does not guarantee, certify, or assure the safety or performance of

11、 any products, components, or systemstested, installed, or operated in accordance with ASHRAEs Standards or Guidelines or that any tests conducted under its Standards or Guidelineswill be nonhazardous or free from risk.ASHRAE INDUSTRIAL ADVERTISING POLICY ON STANDARDSASHRAE Standards and Guidelines

12、are established to assist industry and the public by offering a uniform method of testing for rating purposes, bysuggesting safe practices in designing and installing equipment, by providing proper definitions of this equipment, and by providing other informationthat may serve to guide the industry.

13、 The creation of ASHRAE Standards and Guidelines is determined by the need for them, and conformanceto them is completely voluntary.In referring to this Standard or Guideline and in marking of equipment and in advertising, no claim shall be made, either stated or implied,that the product has been ap

14、proved by ASHRAE.ASHRAE Standing Standard Project Committee 15Cognizant TCs: 101, Custom Engineered Refrigeration Systems,and 9.1, Large Building Air-Conditioning SystemsSPLS Liaison: Roger HedrickStaff Liaison: Brian CoxDennis Dorman, Chair Paul L. Doppel Greg RelueGregory A. Scrivener, Vice-Chair

15、Phillip A. Johnson Brian J. RodgersDanny Halel, Secretary Jay A. Kohler Jeffrey M. ShapiroEls Baert Scott MacBain Eric M. SmithWayne K. Borrowman Jeffrey Newel Russell C. TharpJames M. Calm Jay Peters Martin TimmJim Caylor Douglas T. Reindl John I. VucciASHRAE STANDARDS COMMITTEE 20162017Rita M. Har

16、rold, Chair Michael W. Gallagher Cyrus H. NasseriSteven J. Emmerich, Vice-Chair Walter T. Grondzik David RobinJames D. Aswegan Vinod P. Gupta Peter SimmondsNiels Bidstrup Susanna S. Hanson Dennis A. StankeDonald M. Brundage Roger L. Hedrick Wayne H. Stoppelmoor, Jr.Drury B. Crawley Rick M. Heiden Ja

17、ck H. ZarourJohn F. Dunlap, Srinivas Katipamula William F. Walter, BOD ExOJames W. Earley, Jr. Cesar L. Lim Patricia Graef, COKeith I. Emerson Arsen K. MelikovJulie M. Ferguson R. Lee Millies, Jr.Stephanie C. Reiniche, Senior Manager of StandardsCONTENTSANSI/ASHRAE Standard 15-2016,Safety Standard f

18、or Refrigeration SystemsSECTION PAGEForeword .21 Purpose.32 Scope33 Definitions .34 Occupancy Classification65 Refrigerating System Classification 76 Refrigerant Safety Classification.77 Restrictions on Refrigerant Use 78 Installation Restrictions .99 Design and Construction of Equipment and Systems

19、.1110 Operation and Testing.2311 General Requirements 2412 Precedence with Conflicting Requirements.2513 Listed Equipment.25Informative Appendix A: Informative References26Normative Appendix B: Normative References.27Informative Appendix C: Method for Calculating Discharge Capacity ofPositive Displa

20、cement Compressor Pressure Relief Device .28Informative Appendix D: Allowable Equivalent Length of Discharge Piping30Informative Appendix E: Emergencies in Refrigerating Machinery Rooms.31Informative Appendix F: Addenda Description Information.33NOTEApproved addenda, errata, or interpretations for t

21、his standard can be downloaded free of charge from the ASHRAEWeb site at www.ashrae.org/technology. 2016 ASHRAE1791 Tullie Circle NE Atlanta, GA 30329 www.ashrae.org All rights reserved.ASHRAE is a registered trademark of the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers,

22、 Inc.ANSI is a registered trademark of the American National Standards Institute.2 ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 15-2016(This foreword is not part of this standard. It is merelyinformative and does not contain requirements necessaryfor conformance to the standard. It has not been pro-cessed according to the

23、ANSI requirements for a standardand may contain material that has not been subject topublic review or a consensus process. Unresolved objec-tors on informative material are not offered the right toappeal at ASHRAE or ANSI.)FOREWORDThe 2016 edition of Standard 15 incorporates changesintended to ensur

24、e improvement in the safe design, construc-tion, installation, and operation of refrigeration systems. High-lights of the 2016 edition include updated requirements forsafety relief systems, including revisions to relief vent pipe dis-charge locations and design provisions for headered relief ventsys

25、tems; updated design pressure requirements applicable tosystems using carbon dioxide; and modification to overpres-sure protection for heat exchangers and pressure limitingdevices for positive displacement compressors. Additionalchanges are noted in informative Appendix F.Standard 15 continues to ev

26、olve through the process ofcontinuous maintenance, which allows additions and modifica-tions to be made based on feedback from users in accordancewith ASHRAEs ANSI-approved procedures. In addition tofeedback from users, changes in the science originating fromASHRAE and industry research, as well as

27、changes in refriger-ation technology, necessitate the continuous maintenanceapproach. Interested parties can recommend modifications tothe standard by submitting a proposal using the continuousmaintenance form located in the back of the standard.ASHRAE Standard 15 must be used with its sister stan-d

28、ard, ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 341, Designation and SafetyClassification of Refrigerants. Standard 34 prescribes theRefrigerant Classification System, as well as refrigerant con-centration limits (RCL), that are vitally important in applyingthis standard. Although changes to Standard 15 are closelycoordi

29、nated with those to Standard 34, users of Standard 15should also review the most recent version of Standard 34 andits associated addenda for the latest information related torefrigerant designations and safety classifications.ASHRAE Standard 15 gives a method for determining theamount of refrigerant

30、 in a given space that, when exceeded,requires a machinery room. When a refrigerant is not classi-fied in ASHRAE Standard 34 or its addenda, it is the respon-sibility of the owner of a refrigerating system to make thisjudgment. Users of ASHRAE Standard 15 may also find it useful torefer to the Stand

31、ard 15-2001 Users Manual. The usersmanual was developed as a companion document to ASHRAEStandard 15. Though it does not reflect the addenda andchanges incorporated into Standard 15 since its original pub-lication, it still serves to clarify the intent of the standard andprovides an explanation of t

32、he rationale behind its creation.Its purpose is to assist in use of the standard by includingillustrations and examples of accepted industry practice, aswell as explanations of and supporting references for formu-las in the standard. The users manual also covers building,system, and refrigerant clas

33、sifications, restrictions on refrig-erant use, installation restrictions, and equipment and systemdesign and construction for commercial, residential, andindustrial applications.ASHRAE Standard 15 is directed toward the safety ofpersons and property on or near the premises where refriger-ation facil

34、ities are located. It includes specifications for fabri-cation of refrigerating systems but does not address the effectsof refrigerant emissions on the environment. For informationon the environmental effects of refrigerant emissions, seeANSI/ASHRAE Standard 1472, Reducing the Release of Halo-genate

35、d Refrigerants from Refrigerating and Air-Condition-ing Equipment and Systems.The hazards of refrigerants are related to their physicaland chemical characteristics as well as to the pressures andtemperatures that occur in refrigerating and air-conditioningsystems. Personal injury and property damage

36、 from inadequateprecautions may occur from a number of origins, such as rupture of a part with risk from flying debris; release of refrigerant from a fracture, due to a leakingseal or incorrect operation; or fire resulting from or intensified by burning or deflagra-tion of escaping refrigerant or lu

37、bricant.Personal injury resulting from the accidental release ofrefrigerants may also occur from suffocation from heavier-than-air refrigerants in inade-quately ventilated spaces; narcotic and cardiac sensitization effects; toxic effects of vapor or the decomposition products dueto vapor contact wit

38、h flames or hot surfaces; corrosive attack on the eyes, skin, or other tissue; or freezing of tissue by contact with liquid.Care should be taken to avoid stagnant pockets of refrig-erant vapors by properly locating ventilation supply air inletsand exhaust outlets. All commonly used refrigerants, exc

39、eptammonia (R-717) and water (R-718), are heavier than air.Leaked refrigerant vapor will concentrate near the floor ifundisturbed. Floor-level exhaust-air outlets are appropriatefor heavier-than-air refrigerants. The users manual may pro-vide useful guidance for the design of ventilation systems and

40、the location of supply air inlets and exhaust outlets.The following short publishing history of this code tracesthe origins of these safety provisions. In 1919, the AmericanSociety of Refrigerating Engineers (ASRE) proposed a Tenta-tive Code for the Regulation of Refrigerating Machines andRefrigeran

41、ts. Over the next 11 years, representatives from theAmerican Gas Association, American Institute of ElectricalEngineers, American Institute of Refrigeration, AmericanChemical Society, American Society of Heating and VentilationEngineers, American Society of Mechanical Engineers,National Electrical R

42、efrigerator Manufacturers Association,National Fire Protection Association, and ASRE met to expandthe code to address all of the issues raised on the use of refrig-eration equipment. The first Safety Code for MechanicalRefrigeration, recognized as American Standard B9 in OctoberANSI/ASHRAE Standard

43、15-2016 31930, appeared in the first edition, 19321933, of the ASRERefrigerating Handbook and Catalog. ASRE revisions desig-nated ASA B9 appeared in 1933 and 1939. ASRE revisions des-ignated ASA B9.1 appeared in 1950, 1953, and 1958. After theformation of ASHRAE, editions appeared as ASA B9.1-1964,A

44、NSI B9.1-1971, ASHRAE Standard 15-1978, ASHRAE Stan-dard 15-1989, ASHRAE Standard 15-1992, ASHRAE Standard15-1994, ASHRAE Standard 15-2001, ASHRAE Standard 15-2004, ASHRAE Standard 15-2007, ASHRAE Standard 15-2010, and ASHRAE Standard 15-2013.1. PURPOSEThis standard specifies safe design, constructi

45、on, installation,and operation of refrigeration systems.2. SCOPE2.1 This standard establishes safeguards for life, limb, health,and property and prescribes safety requirements.2.2 This standard applies toa. the design, construction, test, installation, operation, andinspection of mechanical and abso

46、rption refrigeration sys-tems, including heat-pump systems used in stationaryapplications; b. modifications, including replacement of parts or compo-nents if they are not identical in function and capacity; andc. substitutions of refrigerants having a different designation.3. DEFINITIONSadministrati

47、ve control: the use of human action aimed atachieving a safe level of performance from a system or sub-system. Compare to engineering control.approved: acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction(AHJ).approved, nationally recognized laboratory: a laboratory thatis acceptable to the AHJ and provi

48、des uniform testing andexamination procedures and standards for meeting design,manufacturing, and factory testing requirements of this code;is organized, equipped, and qualified for testing; and has afollow-up inspection service of the current production of thelisted products.back pressure: the stat

49、ic pressure existing at the outlet of anoperating pressure relief device due to pressure in the dis-charge line.balanced relief valve: a pressure relief valve that incorporatesmeans of minimizing the effect of back pressure on the opera-tional characteristics of the valve (opening pressure, closingpressure, and relieving capacity).blends: refrigerants consisting of mixtures of two or moredifferent chemical compounds, often used individually asrefrigerants for other applications.brazed joint: a gas-tight joint obtained by the joining of metalparts with metallic