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1、Isolating Potential Flow Zones During Well ConstructionAPI STANDARD 65PART 2 SECOND EDITION, DECEMBER 2010Isolating Potential Flow Zones During Well ConstructionUpstream SegmentAPI STANDARD 65PART 2 SECOND EDITION, DECEMBER 2010Special NotesAPI publications necessarily address problems of a general

2、nature. With respect to particular circumstances, local, state, and federal laws and regulations should be reviewed.Neither API nor any of APIs employees, subcontractors, consultants, committees, or other assignees make any warranty or representation, either express or implied, with respect to the a

3、ccuracy, completeness, or usefulness of the information contained herein, or assume any liability or responsibility for any use, or the results of such use, of any information or process disclosed in this publication. Neither API nor any of APIs employees, subcontractors, consultants, or other assig

4、nees represent that use of this publication would not infringe upon privately owned rights.API publications may be used by anyone desiring to do so. Every effort has been made by the Institute to assure the accuracy and reliability of the data contained in them; however, the Institute makes no repre

5、sentation, warranty, or guarantee in connection with this publication and hereby expressly disclaims any liability or responsibility for loss or damage resulting from its use or for the violation of any authorities having jurisdiction with which this publication may conflict.API publications are pub

6、lished to facilitate the broad availability of proven, sound engineering and operating practices. These publications are not intended to obviate the need for applying sound engineering judgment regarding when and where these publications should be utilized. The formulation and publication of API pub

7、lications is not intended in any way to inhibit anyone from using any other practices.Any manufacturer marking equipment or materials in conformance with the marking requirements of an API standard is solely responsible for complying with all the applicable requirements of that standard. API does no

8、t represent, warrant, or guarantee that such products do in fact conform to the applicable API standard.Classified areas may vary depending on the location, conditions, equipment, and substances involved in any given situation. Users of this Standard should consult with the appropriate authorities h

9、aving jurisdiction.Users of this Standard should not rely exclusively on the information contained in this document. Sound business, sci-entific, engineering, and safety judgment should be used in employing the information contained herein. API is not undertaking to meet the duties of employers, man

10、ufacturers, or suppliers to warn and properly train and equip their employees, and others exposed, concerning health and safety risks and precautions, nor undertaking their obligations to comply with authorities having jurisdiction.All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced, transla

11、ted, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Contact the Publisher, API Publishing Services, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005.Copyright 2010 American Petroleu

12、m InstituteForewordThis document was prepared with input from oil and gas operators, drilling contractors, service companies, consultants and regulators. It is based mainly on experiences in the United States outer continental shelf (OCS) and deepwater operating areas of the Gulf of Mexico, but may

13、be of utility in other offshore and land operating areas. The content of this document is not all inclusive and not intended to alleviate the need for detailed information found in textbooks, manuals, technical papers, or other documents. The formulation, adoption, and publication of API standards a

14、re not intended to inhibit anyone from using any other practices.A future planned standard, API RP 96, Deepwater Well Design Considerations, will identify considerations for use in deepwater well design. API Std 65-2 has been written to complement the objectives of API RP 90 and API RP 96 and their

15、recommended practices.Shall: As used in a standard, “shall” denotes a minimum requirement in order to conform to the recommended practice.Should: As used in a standard, “should” denotes a recommendation or that which is advised but not required in order to conform to the standard. Informative elemen

16、ts: As used in a standard, “informative” denotes elements that: identify the document, introduce its content and explain its background, development, and its relationship with other documents; or provide additional information intended to assist the understanding or use of the document.Normative ele

17、ments: As used in a standard, “normative” denotes elements that describe the scope of the document, and which set out provisions that are required to implement the standard.Nothing contained in any API publication is to be construed as granting any right, by implication or otherwise, for the manufac

18、ture, sale, or use of any method, apparatus, or product covered by letters patent. Neither should anything contained in the publication be construed as insuring anyone against liability for infringement of letters patent.This document was produced under API standardization procedures that ensure app

19、ropriate notification and participation in the developmental process and is designated as an API standard. Questions concerning the interpretation of the content of this publication or comments and questions concerning the procedures under which this publication was developed should be directed in w

20、riting to the Director of Standards, American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005. Requests for permission to reproduce or translate all or any part of the material published herein should also be addressed to the director.Generally, API standards are reviewed and revised, r

21、eaffirmed, or withdrawn at least every five years. A one-time extension of up to two years may be added to this review cycle. Status of the publication can be ascertained from the API Standards Department, telephone (202) 682-8000. A catalog of API publications and materials is published annually by

22、 API, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005.Suggested revisions are invited and should be submitted to the Standards Department, API, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005, standardsapi.org.iiiContentsPage1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

23、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.1 Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2 Objectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

24、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.3 Background and Technology Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.4 Conditions of Appl

25、icability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.5 Well Planning and Drilling Plan Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.6 Drilling t

26、he Well . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.7 Summary of Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

27、 . . . . . . 22 Normative References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Definitions, and Abbreviated Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

28、. . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.1 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.2 Abbreviations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

29、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Barriers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114.2 Physical Barrier Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124.3 Hydrostatic Barrier

31、Elements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124.4 Annular Mechanical Barrier Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124.5 Mechanical W

32、ellbore Barrier Elements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154.6 Set Cement as a Barrier Element. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 Cementing

33、 Practices and Factors Affecting Cementing Success. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185.2 Hole Qual

34、ity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185.3 Drilling Fluid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

35、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195.4 Casing Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195.5 Close-tolerance and Other Flow Restriction Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

36、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205.6 Engineering Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205.7 Slurry Design and Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

37、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255.8 Wellbore preparation and conditioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315.9 Cement Job Execution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

38、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335.10 Post Cementing Operations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376 Casing Shoe Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

39、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387 Post-cement Job Analysis and Evaluation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397.1 Material Inventory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

40、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397.2 Job Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397.3 Cement Evaluation . . . .

41、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39Annex A (informative) Background and Technology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40Annex B (informative)

42、 Well Planning and Drilling Plan Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59Annex C (informative) Drilling the Well . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68Annex D (normative) Proces

43、s Summary: Isolating Potential Flow Zones During Well Construction. . . . . . . . 75Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81vContentsPageFigures1 Sonic Strength Anom

44、aly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17A.1 Effect of Curing Pressure on Bond Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42A.2 Annular Pre

45、ssure and TemperatureWell G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55A.3 Annular Pressure and TemperatureWell B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56A.4 Annular Pressure and Temp

46、eratureWell A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57A.5 Mud Densities Measured By Pressure Sensors in Annulus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58B.1 Casing Shoe Depths with Pore Pressure/Fracture Gr

47、adient Graph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61TablesA.1 Most frequent Primary and Secondary Barriers that Failed in all Phases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45A.2 Drilling and Service Well Control Occurrences, 1998/1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

48、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46A.3 Drilling and Service Well Control Occurrences, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47A.4 Surface Casing Vent Flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

49、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47A.5 Gas Migration Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47A.6 Packer Isolation Testing and Reporting Program Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47A.7 Well Status at Time of the Incident . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48A.8 Blowouts by Well Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .