API 13TR1-2017 Stress Corrosion Cracking of Corrosion Resistant Alloys in Halide Brines Exposed to Acidic Production Gas (First Edition).pdf

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1、Stress Corrosion Cracking of Corrosion Resistant Alloys in Halide Brines Exposed to Acidic Production GasAPI TECHNICAL REPORT 13TR1FIRST EDITION, NOVEMBER 2017Special NotesAPI publications necessarily address problems of a general nature. With respect to particular circumstances, local, state, and f

2、ederal laws and regulations should be reviewed.Neither API nor any of APIs employees, subcontractors, consultants, committees, or other assignees make any warranty or representation, either express or implied, with respect to the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of the information contained her

3、ein, or assume any liability or responsibility for any use, or the results of such use, of any information or process disclosed in this publication. Neither API nor any of APIs employees, subcontractors, consultants, or other assignees represent that use of this publication would not infringe upon p

4、rivately owned rights.API publications may be used by anyone desiring to do so. Every effort has been made by the Institute to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the data contained in them; however, the Institute makes no representation, warranty, or guarantee in connection with this publication

5、 and hereby expressly disclaims any liability or responsibility for loss or damage resulting from its use or for the violation of any authorities having jurisdiction with which this publication may conflict.API publications are published to facilitate the broad availability of proven, sound engineer

6、ing and operating practices. These publications are not intended to obviate the need for applying sound engineering judgment regarding when and where these publications should be utilized. The formulation and publication of API publications is not intended in any way to inhibit anyone from using any

7、 other practices.Any manufacturer marking equipment or materials in conformance with the marking requirements of an API standard is solely responsible for complying with all the applicable requirements of that standard. API does not represent, warrant, or guarantee that such products do in fact conf

8、orm to the applicable API standard.All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Contact the Publi

9、sher, API Publishing Services, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005.Copyright 2017 American Petroleum InstituteForewordNothing contained in any API publication is to be construed as granting any right, by implication or otherwise, for the manufacture, sale, or use of any method, apparatus, or pro

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11、nimum requirement in order to conform to the standard.Should: As used in a standard, “should” denotes a recommendation or that which is advised but not required in order to conform to the standard.May: As used in a standard, “may” denotes a course of action permissible within the limits of a standar

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13、rpretation of the content of this publication or comments and questions concerning the procedures under which this publication was developed should be directed in writing to the Director of Standards, American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005. Requests for permission to r

14、eproduce or translate all or any part of the material published herein should also be addressed to the director.Generally, API standards are reviewed and revised, reaffirmed, or withdrawn at least every five years. A one-time extension of up to two years may be added to this review cycle. Status of

15、the publication can be ascertained from the API Standards Department, telephone (202) 682-8000. A catalog of API publications and materials is published annually by API, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005.Suggested revisions are invited and should be submitted to the Standards Department, API,

16、1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005, standardsapi.org.iiiContentsPage1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Abbreviations and Symbols. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.1 Abbreviations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.2 Symbols . . . . . . . .

18、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Experimental Procedures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

19、. 33.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.2 Alloy Groups Tested . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43.3 Brines Tested . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74.1 Modified 13Cr Martensitic Stainless Steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84.2 Duplex and High-Ni Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

22、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Other Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135.1 More Severe Field Conditions . .

23、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145.2 Addition of Corrosion Inhibitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155.3 Presence of Titrat

24、able Oxidant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175.4 Addition of O2Scavenger. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 Disc

25、ussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176.1 Alloy Composition and Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

26、. . . . . . . . 176.2 Stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186.3 Brine Composition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

27、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186.4 Test Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196.5 Test Reproducibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

28、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196.6 Temperature Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206.7 Oxidants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

29、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206.8 Effect of Additives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206.9

30、 SCC Mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206.10 Galvanic Effects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

31、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206.11 Test Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206.12 Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

32、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Annex A (informative) Test Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

33、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Annex B (informative) Stress vs Deflection Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

34、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28Figures1 Crack Features of Alloy 25-32-3-125 (Test #64) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 Effect of Cland Brine Density on SCC

35、 of Modified 13Cr, 50 psi CO2, 0.4 psi H2S, 225 F . . . . . . . 17B.1 Stress vs Deflection Analysis for the 13Cr-2Mo at 265 F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25B.2 Stressstrain Curves for the Two Mechanical Tests Performed on the 13Cr-2Mo at 265 F . . . .

36、. . . . . . 25B.3 Stress vs Deflection Analysis for the 13Cr-2Mo at 350 F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26B.4 Stressstrain Curves for the Two Mechanical Tests Performed on the 13Cr-2Mo at 350 F . . . . . . . . . . 26vContentsPageTables1 API Test Protocol

37、s in Autoclave Testing in Halide Brines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Standard and Modified 13 % Chromium SSs, Duplex SSs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 High Nickel SSs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

38、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Actual Mechanical Properties of Alloys Used in Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Brine Compositions Cited . . . . . . . . .

39、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Halide Anions Molar Concentration in Brines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 API Tests of Modified 13Cr in Halide Br

40、ines + CO2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 Effect of Molar Halide Concentration on SCC in 11.0 ppg Brines + CO2on U-bends of Alloy 13-6-2 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

41、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Additional Tests of Modified 13Cr + CO2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1010 Tests of Modified 13Cr in Halide Brines + CO2and H2S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

42、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1011 Effect of O2on SCC of Modified 13Cr Tests in 11.6 ppg CaCl2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1112 Tests of Modified 13Cr in Aerated Bromide Brines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

43、 . . . 1213 Aerated Brines: Effect of Brine and Temperature on SCC of 13-6-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1314 90-day Tests of Modified 13Cr, N2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1315 Tests

44、of Duplex SS + CO2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1416 Tests of Duplex SSs and High-Ni Alloys in 14.2 ppg CaBr2, + CO2and H2S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1517 Tests of Duplex SSs + Air

45、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1618 Tests of High-Ni Alloys at 425 F to 450 F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1619 Modified 13Cr T

46、ests of 14.2 CaBr2+ CO2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19IntroductionA program partly sponsored by the American Petroleum Institute (API) studying the interaction of completion brines and corrosion-resistant alloys (CRAs) has be

47、en underway for several years. An earlier paper 1 addressed the effect of thiocyanate (SCN) corrosion inhibitor on promoting stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in CRAs exposed to halide brines, with a link to field failures. The current paper addresses SCC risks upon exposure of brines to an ingress of

48、 acidic production gas (CO2or CO2 + H2S) or to air, both of which, have resulted in field failures. Test protocols are presented. Brine severity is related to halide ion concentration, including formation of complex ions with. Testing focused on a group of 13Cr martensitic stainless steels alloyed w

49、ith Ni and Mo, with more limited tests of duplex stainless steels (SS) and high-Ni alloys. SCC results are presented in relation to alloy resistance and to test variables, including temperature, pH, and additives to the brine.vi1Stress Corrosion Cracking of Corrosion Resistant Alloys in Halide Brines Exposed to Acidic Production Gas1 Scope The annular space between the production tubing and the carbon steel casing is filled with a dense fluid, typically a halide salt. In wells with corrosion resistant alloy (CRA) tubing, SCC of the CRA tubing OD or auxiliary compone