AHRI 480-2007 Performance Rating of Remote Type Refrigerant-Cooled Liquid Coolers.pdf

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1、 2007 Standard for Performance Rating of Remote Type Refrigerant-Cooled Liquid Coolers AHRI Standard 480-2007 (formerly ARI Standard 480-2007) IMPORTANT SAFETY DISCLAIMER AHRI does not set safety standards and does not certify or guarantee the safety of any products, components or systems designed,

2、tested, rated, installed or operated in accordance with this standard/guideline. It is strongly recommended that products be designed, constructed, assembled, installed and operated in accordance with nationally recognized safety standards and code requirements appropriate for products covered by th

3、is standard/guideline. AHRI uses its best efforts to develop standards/guidelines employing state-of-the-art and accepted industry practices. AHRI does not certify or guarantee that any tests conducted under its standards/guidelines will be non-hazardous or free from risk. Note: This standard supers

4、edes ARI Standard 480-2001. TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION PAGE Section 1. Purpose . 1 Section 2. Scope 1 Section 3. Definitions 1 Section 4. Test Requirements . 3 Section 5. Rating Requirements 3 Section 6. Minimum Data Requirements for Published Ratings 6 Section 7. Marking and Nameplate Data 6 Section

5、 8. Conformance Conditions . 6 TABLES Table 1. Standard Rating Conditions . 3 APPENDICES Appendix A. References Normative . 7 Appendix B. References Informative . 7 AHRI STANDARD 480-2007 1 PERFORMANCE RATING OF REMOTE TYPE REFRIGERANT-COOLED LIQUID COOLERS Section 1. Purpose 1.1 Purpose. The purpos

6、e of this standard is to establish for Remote Type Refrigerant-Cooled Liquid Coolers: definitions; test requirements; rating requirements; minimum data requirements for Published Ratings; marking and nameplate data; and conformance conditions. 1.1.1 Intent. This standard is intended for the guidance

7、 of the industry, including manufacturers, engineers, installers, contractors and users. 1.1.2 Review and Amendment. This standard is subject to review and amendment as technology advances. Section 2. Scope 2.1 Scope. This standard applies to Remote Type Refrigerant-Cooled Liquid Coolers of the Shel

8、l-and-Tube, Shell-and-U-Tube, Shell-and-Coil, and Tube-in-Tube types using single component and azeotropic refrigerants only. 2.2 Exclusions. 2.2.1 This standard does not apply to liquid coolers supplied as part of factory-assembled liquid-chilling packages. 2.2.2 This standard does not apply to liq

9、uid coolers of the following types: a. Baudelot-type coolers b. Open-tank and coil coolers c. Open shell-and-tube coolers 2.2.3 This standard does not include sanitary provisions necessary for the handling of potable Liquids. 2.2.4 This standard does not apply to liquid coolers using zeotropic refri

10、gerants. Section 3. Definitions All terms in this document follow the standard industry definitions in the current edition of ASHRAE Terminology of Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning and Refrigeration, unless otherwise defined in this section. 3.1 Evaporating Temperature. The saturation temperat

11、ure corresponding to the refrigerant pressure at the liquid cooler refrigerant outlet. 3.2 Field Fouling Allowance. Provision for the anticipated Fouling Factor during use. 3.2.1 Fouling Factor. The thermal resistance due to fouling accumulated on the heat transfer surface. 3.3 Liquid. Where used in

12、 this standard, the term Liquid by itself shall denote the fluid being cooled. 3.4 Mechanically-Cleanable Liquid Cooler. A liquid cooler in which Liquid flows through tubes which are accessible from both ends for cleaning by mechanical means, or accessible from one end when U-tubes are used. AHRI ST

13、ANDARD 480-2007 2 3.5 Net Refrigerating Capacity. The useful heat exchange between the refrigerant and the Liquid being cooled. This value is the product of the liquid mass flow rate and the difference in enthalpy between the Liquid entering and the Liquid leaving the cooler. 3.5.1 Clean Tube Capaci

14、ty. The Net Refrigerating Capacity of the liquid cooler with clean tubes at Standard Rating Conditions expressed in Btu/h W. 3.6 Published Rating. A statement of assigned values of those performance characteristics, under stated Rating Conditions, by which a unit may be chosen to fit its application

15、. These values apply to all Remote Type Refrigerant-Cooled Liquid Coolers of like nominal size and type produced by the same manufacturer. As used herein, the term Published Rating includes all performance characteristics shown on the unit or published in specifications, advertising or other literat

16、ure controlled by the manufacturer, at stated Rating Conditions. 3.6.1 Application Rating. A rating based on tests performed at application Rating Conditions. 3.6.2 Standard Rating. A rating based on tests performed at Standard Rating Conditions. 3.7 Rating Conditions. Any set of operating condition

17、s under which a single level of performance results and which causes only that level of performance to occur. 3.7.1 Standard Rating Conditions. Rating Conditions used as the basis of comparison for performance characteristics. 3.8 Remote Type Refrigerant-Cooled Liquid Cooler. A factory-made assembly

18、 in which heat is transferred from the Liquid to the refrigerant causing the refrigerant to evaporate and the Liquid to be cooled. The liquid cooler is furnished separately for field installation in a refrigeration system, rather than for inclusion in a factory-assembled liquid-chilling package. 3.8

19、.1 Direct-Expansion. A liquid cooler in which the refrigerant is normally fed into the tubes or coil by a flow-control device responsive to temperature or pressure, or both, at some point in or near the cooler. 3.8.2 Flooded. A liquid cooler in which refrigerant level is maintained within the evapor

20、ating chamber and the Liquid being cooled is circulated through the tubes. 3.8.3 Shell-and-Coil. A liquid cooler in which heat is transferred through one or more coils contained within a closed shell. 3.8.4 Shell-and-Tube. A liquid cooler in which heat is transferred through a group of straight para

21、llel tubes within a closed shell with the tubes terminating at both ends of the cooler. 3.8.5 Shell-and-U-Tube. A liquid cooler in which heat is transferred through a U-tube bundle in a closed shell with the U-tubes terminating at one end of the cooler. 3.8.6 Spray-Type. A liquid cooler which is pro

22、vided with a refrigerant distributor above a bundle of tubes not normally submerged in liquid refrigerant. The refrigerant which is not evaporated in its passage over the tubes is recirculated through the distributor. The liquid being cooled is circulated in the tubes. 3.8.7 Tube-in-Tube. A liquid c

23、ooler which consists of one or more assemblies of two tubes, one within the other, in which heat is transferred between the fluid in the inner tube or tubes and the fluid flowing between the inner and outer tubes. 3.9 “Shall“ or “Should.“ “Shall“ or “should“ shall be interpreted as follows: 3.9.1 Sh

24、all. Where “shall“ or “shall not“ is used for a provision specified, that provision is mandatory if compliance with the standard is claimed. 3.9.2 Should. “Should“ is used to indicate provisions which are not mandatory but which are desirable as good practice. AHRI STANDARD 480-2007 3 3.10 Superheat

25、. The amount of temperature increase of the refrigerant above its saturation temperature at the exit of the liquid cooler. Section 4. Test Requirements 4.1 Test Requirements. All Standard Ratings shall be verified by tests conducted in accordance with ASHRAE Standard 24. Section 5. Rating Requiremen

26、ts 5.1 Standard Ratings. Published Ratings shall include the Standard Rating, as specified, for at least one of the Standard Rating Conditions shown in Table 1 and properly identified as the Standard Rating. Standard Ratings shall be based on tests with initially clean tubes. The liquid-side and ref

27、rigerant-side Fouling Factors shall be assumed to be zero. Table 1. Standard Rating Conditions Rating Condition Liquid Being Cooled Entering Liquid Temperature Leaving Liquid Temperature Saturated Refrigerant Temperature Leaving the Evaporator Liquid Refrigerant Entering Expansion Device F C F C F C

28、 F C 1 2 3 Water 30% Ethylene Glycol Water 54 20 68 12 -6.7 20 44 15 60 6.7 -9.4 16 35 5.0 43 1.7 -15 6.1 100 100 110 37.8 37.8 43.3 Note: Ratings are for single component and azeotropic refrigerants only. Zeotropic refrigerants are excluded. The minimum Superheat of the leaving refrigerant shall be

29、 specified by the manufacturer. For water-source heat pump application only. 5.2 Application Ratings. Application Ratings provide performance data at operating conditions other than those shown in Table 1. Whenever Application Ratings are published or printed, they shall include, or be accompanied b

30、y, the Standard Rating, clearly designated as such, including a statement of the conditions at which the ratings apply. Application Ratings shall contain all information shown in 6.2. When Application Ratings include a water-side Field Fouling Allowance they shall be calculated by the method specifi

31、ed in 5.3. Published Ratings shall be subject to the tolerances of this standard. 5.2.1 Either Application Ratings or a method of adjusting the clean tube ratings may be presented to show the effect of various liquid-side Field Fouling Allowances. These calculation methods or method of adjusting the

32、se ratings shall be calculated in accordance with 5.3. 5.2.2 The manufacturer shall publish the maximum and minimum recommended liquid flow rates. 5.3 Determination of Ratings. Ratings shall be determined in accordance with the following: 5.3.1 Clean Tube Ratings. Clean tube ratings shall be based o

33、n tests with initially clean tubes conducted in accordance with 4.1. The results of these tests shall be accepted as reflecting a Fouling Factor of zero. 5.3.2 Fouled Tube Ratings. From the results of the clean tube tests, calculate the clean tube overall heat transfer coefficient, Uc. Then, mathema

34、tically add the specified Fouling Factor to the reciprocal of Ucand calculate the fouled tube ratings for publication using the following method (refer to ARI Guideline E for discussion of Fouling Factors). cc(LMTD)q=UA (1) where: AHRI STANDARD 480-2007 4 we s wl swe sw1 stt( - )-( - )t tt tLMTD ( -

35、 )ttln - =we wlwl s we wlw1 stt( - )tt= ( - ) + ( - )tt ttln - RLMTD = ln (1 + R/S)(2) The following equations shall be used to calculate the fouled tube ratings: 5.3.2.1 For fouling inside tubes (evaporating outside): a. Based on outside surface: cofoofiir1U = 1A+ UA(3a) b. Based on inside surface:

36、 fificiUUr1= 1+ (3b) 5.3.2.2 For fouling outside tubes (evaporating inside): a. Based on outside surface: fofoco1U = 1+rU(3c) b. Based on inside surface: fiifocioAA1U = 1+rU(3d) 5.3.2.3 The following equations shall be used for all configurations to obtain the small temperature difference, Sf, at th

37、e fouled condition: a. Based on outside surface: fxRS = - 1e(4a) AHRI STANDARD 480-2007 5 where: fo oRU Ax = qb. Based on inside surface: fyRS = - 1e(4b) where: fi iRU Ay = q5.3.2.4 The new evaporating temperature with fouled tubes, tsf, can then be found using the small difference, Sf: w1 fsf= - tS

38、t (5) 5.4 Symbols and Subscripts. The symbols and subscripts used in Equations 1 through 5 are as follows: Symbols: A = Total heat transfer surface area, ft2m2 Ai/Ao= Ratio of inside to outside surface area Ao/Ai= Ratio of outside to inside surface area e = Base of natural logarithm LMTD = Logarithm

39、ic mean temperature difference, F C q = Net Refrigerating Capacity, Btu/h W r = Heat transfer resistance, h ft2 F/Btu m2 C/W R = Liquid temperature range = twe- twl, F C S = Small temperature difference = twl- ts, F C t = Temperature, F C U = Overall heat transfer coefficient, Btu/h ft2 F W/m2 C Sub

40、scripts: c = Clean e = Entering f = Fouled or fouling i = Inside l = Leaving o = Outside s = Saturated vapor leaving the evaporator w = Liquid 5.5 Tolerance. To comply with this standard, measured test results shall not be less than 95% of the Published Rating for Net Refrigerating Capacity and shal

41、l not exceed 110% of the Published Ratings for pressure drop. AHRI STANDARD 480-2007 6 Section 6. Minimum Data Requirements for Published Ratings 6.1 Minimum Data Requirements for Published Ratings. As a minimum, Published Ratings shall include all Standard Ratings. All claims to ratings within the

42、scope of this standard shall be accompanied by the statement “Rated in accordance with AHRI Standard 480.” All claims to ratings outside the scope of this standard shall be accompanied by the statement “Outside the scope of AHRI Standard 480.” Wherever Application Ratings are published or printed, t

43、hey shall include a statement of the conditions at which the ratings apply. Application Ratings shall contain all information shown in 6.2. When Application Ratings include a liquid-side Fouling Factor, they shall be calculated by the method specified in 5.3. 6.2 Published Ratings 6.2.1 Published Ra

44、tings shall include the following: a. Refrigerant designation(s) in accordance with ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 34 with Addenda b. Saturated refrigerant temperature leaving the evaporator, F C c. Net Refrigerating Capacity, Btu/h or tons W d. Liquid flow rate, gpm L/s e. Liquid pressure drop, psi kPa f. Le

45、aving liquid temperature, F C g. Superheat, F C (direct-expansion) h. Fouling Factor (liquid-side), ft2 h F/Btu m2 C/W i. Type of Liquid being cooled 6.2.2 Published Ratings shall be accompanied by the following information: a. Design pressures for liquid-side and refrigerant-side, psig kPa gage b.

46、Overall dimensions c. All connection sizes and types d. Shipping weight, lb kg e. Operating weight (including refrigerant and water), lb kg f. If only clean tube ratings are published, a statement shall be included to contact the manufacturer if fouled tube ratings are required Section 7. Marking an

47、d Nameplate Data 7.1 Marking and Nameplate Data. As a minimum, each liquid cooler shall have the following information shown in a conspicuous place: a. Name of manufacturer b. Manufacturers model or serial number c. Design pressure for the liquid-side, psig kPa d. Design pressure for the refrigerant

48、-side, psig kPa e. Refrigerant designation in accordance with ANSI/ASHRAE 34 with Addenda Section 8. Conformance Conditions 8.1 Conformance. While conformance with this standard is voluntary, conformance shall not be claimed or implied for products or equipment within the standard s Purpose (Section

49、 1) and Scope (Secti on 2) unl ess such product cl ai ms meet al l of the requi rements of the standard and al l of the testi ng and rati ng requi rements are measured and reported i n compl ete compliance with the standard. A ny product that has not met al l the requi rements of the standard shal l not ref erence, state, or acknowl edge the standard i n any wri tten, oral , or el ectroni c communi cati on. AHRI STANDARD 480-2007 7 APPENDIX A. REFERENCES NORMATIVE A1 L