AGMA ISO 10064-6-A10-2010 Code of Inspection Practice - Part 6 Bevel Gear Measurement Methods.pdf

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1、AGMA ISO 10064-6-A10Identical to ISO/TR 10064-6:2009AGMA Information SheetCode of Inspection Practice -Part 6: Bevel GearMeasurement MethodsAGMAISO10064-6-A10iiCode of Inspection Practice - Part 6: Bevel Gear Measurement MethodsAGMA ISO 10064-6-A10Identical to ISO/TR 10064-6:2009CAUTION NOTICE: AGMA

2、 technical publications are subject to constant improvement,revision or withdrawal as dictated by experience. Any person who refers to any AGMAtechnicalpublicationshouldbesurethatthepublicationisthelatestavailablefromtheAs-sociation on the subject matter.Tablesorotherself-supportingsectionsmayberefe

3、renced. Citationsshouldread: SeeAGMA ISO 10064-6-A10, Code of Inspection Practice - Part 6: Bevel GearMeasurement Methods, published by the American Gear Manufacturers Association,1001 N. Fairfax Street, 5thFloor, Alexandria, Virginia 22314, http:/www.agma.org.Approved August 24, 2010ABSTRACTThisinf

4、ormationsheetprovidesadiscussiononmeasuringmethodsandpracticesofunassembledbevelandhypoidgearsandgearpairs. Itincludesmethodsandpractices,whichpermitthemanufacturerandpurchasertoconductmeasuringprocedureswhichareaccurateandrepeatabletoadegreecompatiblewiththespecifiedtolerance grade of ISO 17485.Pub

5、lished byAmerican Gear Manufacturers Association100 N. Fairfax Street, 5thFloor, Alexandria, Virginia 22314Copyright 2010 by American Gear Manufacturers AssociationAll rights reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronicretrieval system or otherwise, without pr

6、ior written permission of the publisher.Printed in the United States of AmericaISBN: 978-1-55589-994-3AmericanGearManufacturersAssociationAGMA ISO 10064-6-A10AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATIONiii AGMA 2010 - All rights reservedContentsPageForeword v1 Scope 12 Normative references 13 Terms, defi

7、nitions and symbols 13.1 Terms and definitions 1.3.1.1 Toe 1.3.1.2 Heel 23.1.3 Tip 2.3.1.4 Root 23.1.5 Topland 2.3.1.6 Wheel 2.3.1.7 Pinion 2.3.2 Symbols 2.4 Bevel gear measurement 3.4.1 Manufacturing and purchasing considerations 34.2 Manufacturing documentation 34.3 Process control 34.4 Measuremen

8、t methods 44.5 Additional considerations 44.5.1 General aspects 44.5.2 Backlash 44.5.3 Matching gears as sets 44.5.4 Reference gears for composite action tests 44.6 Acceptance criteria 5.5 Measuring methods and practices 5.5.1 Guidelines for measurement of gear characteristics 5.5.2 Measuring practi

9、ces 55.2.1 Statistical sampling 5.5.2.2 First piece measurement 55.2.3 Measurement data references 65.3 Measurement of pitch deviations 75.3.1 Pitch deviation measurement 7.5.3.2 Pitch deviation measurement methods 75.3.3 Pitch measurement by indexing method 7.5.3.4 Pitch measurement by comparator m

10、ethod 9.5.4 Measurement of bevel gear runout 125.4.1 Runout of bevel gear teeth 12.5.4.2 The ball probe 12.5.5 Flank form measurement 135.5.1 Introduction 135.5.2 Grid point measurement of bevel pinion and wheel tooth flank geometry 14.5.5.3 Tooth trace measurement of bevel pinion and wheel tooth fl

11、ank geometry 155.6 Contact pattern checking 185.6.1 Methods 18.5.6.2 Gear roll testing machine 195.6.3 Procedure 19.5.6.4 Interpreting results 205.6.5 Runout by contact pattern check 215.6.6 V and H check 21.5.6.7 Record of tooth contact patterns 22AGMA ISO 10064-6-A10 AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS AS

12、SOCIATIONiv AGMA 2010 - All rights reserved5.7 Single-flank composite inspection 225.8 Double-flank composite testing 23.5.8.1 Method 235.8.2 Equipment requirements for double-flank composite testing 235.8.3 Reference gears 24.5.8.4 Method of conducting double-flank composite inspection 245.9 Tooth

13、thickness measurement 245.9.1 Tooth thickness measurement by gear tooth caliper 24.5.9.2 Tooth thickness measurement by CNC and CMM 25.5.9.3 Tooth thickness measurement by backlash 25.5.9.4 Ball-probe comparison of tooth size 26.5.10 Manufacturing applications 266 Recommended datum surface tolerance

14、s 26.Bibliography 28.Tables1 Alphabetical list of terms 22 Alphabetical list of symbols 3.3 Sample table with hypothetical deviation values obtained by pitch comparator (two-probe) 11.4 Sample table with hypothetical deviation values obtained by indexing (single-probe) device 115 Example of flank fo

15、rm evaluation 22Figures1 Nomenclature of bevel and hypoid gear teeth 22 Example reference surfaces 63 Tooth identification terminology from apex end 7.4 Schematic diagram of single-probe device 85 Pitch data from single-probe device 96 Pitch measurements with a pitch comparator 107 Single pitch devi

16、ation, two-probe device 108 Sample graphical representation of single pitch deviations, fpt12.9 Sample graphical representation of index deviations 1210 Single-probe runout check 1311 Measurement traces 13.12 Measurement grid 14.13 Three-dimensional coordinates 15.14 Example of three-dimensional gra

17、phical output 1615 Traces of hypoid pinion and wheel after cutting 1716 Tooth profiles of lapped hypoid set 17.17 Relative tooth deviation and tooth contact analysis 18.18 Schematic diagram of a typical test machine and tooth contact pattern V and H movements 19.19 Tooth contact patterns 2020 Runout

18、 contact pattern variation 21.21 Schematic diagram of bevel gear double-flank tester 23.22 Double-flank test data -12-tooth gear 2523 Measurement of tooth thickness by means of a gear tooth calliper 2524 Measurement of backlash in a pair of gears by means of a dial indicator 2625 Axial movement per

19、0.025 mm change in backlash 27.AGMA ISO 10064-6-A10AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATIONv AGMA 2010 - All rights reservedForewordThe foreword, footnotes and annexes, if any, in this document are provided forinformationalpurposesonlyandarenottobeconstruedasapartofAGMAISOInformationSheet 10064-6-A10

20、, Code of Inspection Practice - Part 6: Bevel Gear MeasurementMethods.The measurement and tolerance specification of bevel gears are very complex subjectsthatwereinneedofinternationalstandardization. Fortheseandotherreasons,ISO/TC60approvedtheprojectbasedonaproposeddocument,ANSI/AGMA2009-B01,BevelGe

21、arClassification, Tolerances, and Measuring Methods.At an early stage it was decided to develop two documents: ISO 17485, with accuracygrades and definitions, and a separate Technical Report, ISO/TR 10064-6, containinginspection practice and measuring methods. These practices and measuring methodsin

22、cluded topics such as manufacturing considerations, CMM measurements, contactpattern checking, and advance topics such as bevel gear flank form analysis.AGMA ISO 10064-6-A10 represents an identical adoption of ISO/TR 10064-6:2009.The first draft of AGMA ISO 10064-6-A10 was made in March, 2010. It wa

23、s approved bythe AGMA Technical Division Executive Committee on August 24, 2010.Suggestionsforimprovementofthisdocumentwillbewelcome. TheyshouldbesenttotheAmerican Gear Manufacturers Association, 1001 N. Fairfax Street, 5thFloor, Alexandria,Virginia 22314.AGMA ISO 10064-6-A10 AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTU

24、RERS ASSOCIATIONvi AGMA 2010 - All rights reservedPERSONNEL of the AGMA Gear Accuracy CommitteeChairman: Edward Lawson Gleason M this level ofaccuracy was established during the manufacturingprocess and it is totally independent of any finalinspection.Process control includes elements such asmanufac

25、turing planning, maintenance of machinetools, cutting tool selection and maintenance, heattreatment control and quality assurance programs,as needed, to achieve and maintain the necessarygear quality. When properly applied, gears manu-factured by specific control techniques will be foundto be of ver

26、y uniform quality. Therefore, little or nofinal inspection may be necessary for a gear,particularly in some classification levels, assuranceof the necessary accuracy having been built-inthrough careful manufacturing control at each step.NOTE: It is possible for documentation to be deemedunnecessaryf

27、orproductsmanufacturedunderprocesscontrolwheninspectionrecordsarenotspecifiedinthepurchase contract.Withproperapplicationofprocesscontrol,relativelyfew measurements may be made on any one gear.AGMA ISO 10064-6-A10 AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION4 AGMA 2010 - All rights reservedFor example, t

28、ooth size may be evaluated by ameasurement on only two or three sections of agiven gear. It is assumed that these measurementsarerepresentativeofalltheteethonthegear. Gearsmade in mass production quantities may be inspec-ted at various steps in their manufacturing processon a statistical basis. Thus

29、, it is possible that aspecificgearcanpassthroughtheentireproductionprocess without ever having been measured.However, based on appropriate confidence in theapplied process control, the manufacturer of thatgear shall be able to verify that its quality is equal tothose gears that were measured.4.4 Me

30、asurement methodsGear geometry may be measured by a number ofalternate methods as specified in Table 3 of ISO17485:2006. The selection of the particular methoddependsonthemagnitudeofthetolerance,thesizeof the gear, the production quantities, equipmentavailable, accuracy of gear blanks andmeasurement

31、 costs.The manufacturer or the purchaser may wish tomeasure one or more of the geometric features of agear to verify its accuracy grade. However, a gearwhich is specified to an accuracy grade must meetall the individual tolerance requirements applicabletotheparticularaccuracygradeandsizeasnotedinTab

32、les 3 and 4 of ISO 17485:2006. Unlessotherwise specified, all measurements are takenand evaluated at the tolerance diameter, dT.Normally the tolerances apply to both sides of theteethunlessonlyonesideisspecifiedastheloadedside. In some cases, the loaded side may bespecified to a higher accuracy than

33、 the non-loadedor minimum-loaded side. If applicable, thisinformation is to be specified on the gearengineering drawing.4.5 Additional considerations4.5.1 General aspectsWhen specifying the quality of a gear, there areadditional or special considerations that must bereviewed. These considerations ma

34、y include itemssuch as:- backlash allowances in tooth thickness;- matching gears as sets;- reference gears for composite measurement;- replacement gearing;- modified accuracy grade;- mounting distance and backlash markings onwheel and pinion;- record of tooth contact patterns by photographsor transf

35、er tapes.The listed items and other special considerationsare to be reviewed and agreed upon by themanufacturer and purchaser.4.5.2 BacklashAn individual gear does not have backlash. Back-lash is only present when one gear mates withanother. The backlash of a gear set is based on thetooth thickness

36、of each member in mesh, as well asthe mounting distances at which the gears areassembled. The functional backlash is additionallydependent on the runout of the gears, the actualvariation of tooth thicknesses and toothgeometries.The methods of determining the backlash requiredfor individual applicati

37、ons are beyond the scope ofthis information sheet (for additional information,see ISO 23509). See also 5.9.3.4.5.3 Matching gears as setsMatchedsetscanbeprovided,usuallyatextracost,and are required in many applications. In such acase,thepurchasermustagreeonthedetails oftheadditionalspecificationscon

38、cerninghowthematch-ing is to be performed and verified. Applicationsrequiringhighaccuracygearingmaynecessitatethematching, or modifying, of pinion and gear profilesand spiral angles such that the matched set issatisfactory for the application.NOTE: ISO 17485 provides tolerances for unassembled gears

39、 only. The inspection of gearingmated in an assembly for a specific application isbeyondthescopeofthisTechnicalReport. Thematch-ing process for such gears sold as pairs assumesgreater importance than the individual absolutemeasurements.4.5.4 Reference gears for composite actiontestsWhen a composite

40、check is specified, a referencegear becomes necessary. The design, accuracygrade validation procedure and cost of a referencegear must be negotiated between the manufacturerandpurchaser. Aspecificreferencegearisrequiredfor each different production gear design.AGMA ISO 10064-6-A10AMERICAN GEAR MANUF

41、ACTURERS ASSOCIATION5 AGMA 2010 - All rights reserved4.6 Acceptance criteriaThetolerances,methodsanddefinitionsspecifiedinISO 17485 prevail unless contractual agreementsbetween the manufacturer and purchaser containspecific exceptions. See ISO/TR 10064-5 fordiscussion on measurement uncertainty.The

42、overall accuracy grade of a gear is determinedbythelargestaccuracygradenumbermeasuredforany tolerance parameter specified for the gear byISO 17485.5 Measuring methods and practices5.1 Guidelines for measurement of gearcharacteristicsThis clause describes the recommended methodsand practices used for

43、 the measurement of bevelgears. The practices and measurement methodsincluded are recognized and accepted throughoutthe gear industry as being reliable.These methods can provide measurements of theparticular accuracy grade when correctly applied.Unless otherwise specified, all measurements aretakena

44、ndevaluatedatthetolerancediameter,dT,asspecified in ISO 17485:2006, 3.1.8. Experiencedpersonnel,usingcalibratedinstrumentsinasuitableenvironment, are required.Bevelgearpracticeisdifferentfromspur andhelicalgear practice regarding the measurement of toothshape. Formerlythemethodwastoinspectthetoothsh

45、ape with contact pattern testing. The measure-mentofgeometricaltoothshapeorflankformisnowpossible. There are two different measuring meth-ods. Thegridpointmethodusesaseriesofdiscretepoints distributed along the tooth flank with thegraphic output representing the topography of thetooth surface in thr

46、ee dimensions. The tooth tracemethod involves traces along the tooth flank bothparallel and perpendicular to the pitch angle, similartohelixandprofilemeasurementonspurandhelicalgears. Both of these methods may also outputnumerical data suitable for non-subjective pass/faildecisions and statistical m

47、ethods for process con-trol, which were not possible with contact patterntesting.Guidelines for measurement options are as follows:a) Individual gears:- single pitch and total cumulative pitchdeviation;- runout;- measured by tooth thickness: gear toothcalipers, CMM (coordinate measuringmachine) or C

48、NC (computer numericallycontrolled) gear measuring instrument;- measured by flank form: grid point or toothtrace method.b) Matched gear pairs (normally lapped):- measurementsdescribedina)asindividualgears;- tooth contact pattern;- backlash check;- composite single flank.c) Individual gears matched t

49、o reference matinggears:- measurementsdescribedina)asindividualgears;- tooth contact pattern;- tooth thickness by backlash;- single-flank composite testing, all pitches;- double-flank composite testing, modulesless than 1 only.NOTE: No particular method of measurement ordocumentation is considered mandatory unlessspecifically agreed upon between manufacturer andpurchaser. When applications require measurementsbeyond those recommended in ISO 17485, specialmethods are negotiated prior