AASHTO T 99-2017 Standard Method of Test for Moisture CDensity Relations of Soils Using a 2.5-kg (5.5-lb) Rammer and a 305-mm (12-in.) Drop.pdf

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1、Standard Method of Test for MoistureDensity Relations of Soils Using a 2.5-kg (5.5-lb) Rammer and a 305-mm (12-in.) Drop AASHTO Designation: T 99-17 Technical Section: 1b, Geotechnical Exploration, Instrumentation, Stabilization, and Field Testing Release: Group 3 (August 2017) American Association

2、of State Highway and Transportation Officials 444 North Capitol Street N.W., Suite 249 Washington, D.C. 20001 TS-1b T 99-1 AASHTO Standard Method of Test for MoistureDensity Relations of Soils Using a 2.5-kg (5.5-lb) Rammer and a 305-mm (12-in.) Drop AASHTO Designation: T 99-17 Technical Section: 1b

3、, Geotechnical Exploration, Instrumentation, Stabilization, and Field Testing Release: Group 3 (August 2017) 1. SCOPE 1.1. These methods of test are intended for determining the relation between the moisture content and density of soils compacted in a mold of a given size with a 2.5-kg (5.5-lb) ramm

4、er dropped from a height of 305 mm (12 in.). Four alternate procedures are provided as follows: Method AA 101.60-mm (4-in.) mold: Soil material passing a 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve (see Sections 4 and 5); Method BA 152.40-mm (6-in.) mold: Soil material passing a 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve (see Sections 6 and

5、7); Method CA 101.60-mm (4-in.) mold: Soil material passing a 19.0-mm (3/4-in.) sieve (see Sections 8 and 9); or Method DA 152.40-mm (6-in.) mold: Soil material passing a 19.0-mm (3/4-in.) sieve (see Sections 10 and 11). 1.2. The method to be used should be indicated in the specifications for the ma

6、terial being tested. If no method is specified, the provisions of Method A shall govern. 1.3. This test method applies to soil mixtures that have 40 percent or less retained on the 4.75 mm-(No. 4) sieve, when Method A or B is used and 30 percent or less retained on the 19.0-mm (3/4-in.) sieve, when

7、Method C or D is used. Material retained on these sieves shall be defined as oversized particles (coarse particles). 1.4. If the test specimen contains oversized particles, dry density and moisture corrections must be made in accordance with Annex A1. The person or agency specifying this method may

8、specify a minimum percentage of oversized particles above which a correction must be applied. If no minimum percentage is specified, correction for the oversized particles shall be applied to material containing more than 5 percent by weight of oversized particles. 1.5. If the specified oversized pa

9、rticle maximum percentage is exceeded, other methods of compaction control must be used. Note 1One method for the design and control of the compaction of suc h soils is to use a test fill to determine the required degree of compaction and a method to obtain that compaction. Then use a method specifi

10、cation to control the compaction by specifying the type and size of compaction equipment, the lift thickness, and the number of passes. 2017 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-1b T 99-2 AASHT

11、O 1.6. The following applies to all specified limits in this standard: For the purposes of determining conformance with these specifications, an observed value or a calculated value shall be rounded off “to the nearest unit” in the last right-hand place of figures used in expressing the limiting val

12、ue, in accordance with ASTM E29. 1.7. The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. 2. REFERENCED DOCUMENTS 2.1. AASHTO Standards: M 231, Weighing Devices Used in the Testing of Materials R 76, Reducing Samples of Aggregate to Testing Size T 19M/T 19, Bulk Density (“Unit Weight”)

13、 and Voids in Aggregate T 85, Specific Gravity and Absorption of Coarse Aggregate T 217, Determination of Moisture in Soils by Means of Calcium Carbide Gas Pressure Moisture Tester T 255, Total Evaporable Moisture Content of Aggregate by Drying T 265, Laboratory Determination of Moisture Content of

14、Soils T 310, In-Place Density and Moisture Content of Soil and SoilAggregate by Nuclear Methods (Shallow Depth) 2.2. ASTM Standards: D2168, Standard Test Methods for Calibration of Laboratory Mechanical-Rammer Soil Compactors E11-15, Standard Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test Si

15、eves E29, Standard Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to Determine Conformance with Specifications 3. APPARATUS 3.1. Mold Assembly (Mold, Collar, and Base Plate)Molds shall be solid-wall, metal cylinders manufactured with dimensions and capacities shown in Sections 3.1.1, 3.1.2, and

16、Figures 1 and 2. They shall have a detachable collar approximately 60 mm (2.375 in.) in height, to permit preparation of compacted specimens of soil-water mixtures of the desired height and volume. The mold and collar shall be so constructed that it can be fastened firmly to a detachable base plate

17、made of the same material (Note 2). The base plate shall be plane to 0.005 in. as shown in Figures 1 and 2. Note 2Alternate types of mold assemblies with capacities as stipulated herein may be used, provided the test results are correlated with those of the solid-wall mold on several soil types and

18、the same moisturedensity results are obtained. Records of such correlation shall be maintained and readily available for inspection, when alternate types of molds are used. 3.1.1. Molds having a volume of 0.000943 0.000014 m3(0.0333 0.0005 ft3) shall have an inside diameter of 101.60 0.40 mm (4.000

19、0.016 in.) and a height of 116.40 0.50 mm (4.584 0.018 in.) (Figure 1). Determine the mold volume in accordance with the “Calibration of Measure” section of T 19M/T 19 for Unit Mass of Aggregate. 3.1.2. Molds having a volume of 0.002124 0.000025 m3(0.07500 0. 0009 ft3) shall have an inside diameter

20、of 152.40 0.70 mm (6.000 0.026 in.) and a height of 116.40 0.50 mm (4.584 0.018 in.) (Figure 2). Determine mold volume in accordance with the “Calibration of Measure” section of T 19M/T 19 for Unit Mass of Aggregate. 2017 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All

21、 rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-1b T 99-3 AASHTO Notes: 1. All dimensions shown in millimeters unless otherwise noted. 2. Hanger on the mold portion only cannot extend above the midheight line. 3. Figure 1 is to be used for all compaction molds purchased after the p

22、ublication of the 21st edition (HM-21). Figure 1Cylindrical Mold and Base Plate (101.6-mm Mold) 2017 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-1b T 99-4 AASHTO Notes: 1. All dimensions shown in mill

23、imeters unless otherwise noted. 2. Hanger on the mold portion only cannot extend above the midheight line. 3. Figure 2 is to be used for all compaction molds purchased after the publication of the 21st edition (HM-21). Figure 2Cylindrical Mold and Base Plate (152.4-mm Mold) 2017 by the American Asso

24、ciation of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-1b T 99-5 AASHTO Table 1Dimensional Equivalents for Figure 1 mm in. mm in. 3.18 0.64 0.125 0.025 50.80 0.64 2.000 0.025 3.81 0.150 60.33 1.27 2.375 0.050 6.35 1.27 0.250 0.050

25、101.60 0.41 4.000 0.016 7.62 0.300 107.95 1.27 4.250 0.050 9.53 0.64 0.375 0.025 114.30 2.54 4.500 0.100 12.70 2.54 0.500 0.100 116.43 0.13 4.584 0.005 17.78 1.27 0.700 0.050 152.40 2.54 6.000 0.100 20.32 0.800 165.10 2.54 6.500 0.100 38.10 2.54 1.500 0.100 172.72 2.54 6.800 0.100 0.000943 0.000009

26、m30.0333 0.0005 ft3Table 2Dimensional Equivalents for Figure 2 mm in. mm in. 3.18 0.64 0.125 0.025 50.80 0.64 2.000 0.025 3.81 0.150 60.33 1.27 2.375 0.050 6.35 1.27 0.250 0.050 116.43 0.13 4.584 0.005 7.62 0.300 152.40 0.66 6.000 0.026 9.53 0.64 0.375 0.025 158.75 1.27 6.250 0.050 12.70 2.54 0.500

27、0.100 165.10 2.54 6.500 0.100 17.78 1.27 0.700 0.050 172.72 2.54 6.800 0.100 20.32 0.800 203.23 2.54 8.000 0.100 38.10 2.54 1.500 0.100 215.90 2.54 8.500 0.100 0.002124 0.000025 m30.0750 0.0009 ft33.2. Rammer: 3.2.1. Manually OperatedMetal rammer with a mass of 2.495 0.009 kg (5.5 0.02 lb), and havi

28、ng a flat circular face of 50.80-mm (2.000-in.) diameter with a manufacturing tolerance of 0.25 mm (0.01 in.). The in-service diameter of the flat circular face shall be not less than 50.42 mm (1.985 in.). The rammer shall be equipped with a suitable guide-sleeve to control the height of drop to a f

29、ree fall of 305 2 mm (12.00 0.06 in.) above the elevation of the soil. The guide-sleeve shall have at least four vent holes, no smaller than 9.5-mm (3/8-in.) diameter spaced approximately 90 degrees (1.57 rad) apart and approximately 19 mm (3/4in.) from each end; and shall provide sufficient clearan

30、ce so the free fall of the rammer shaft and head is unrestricted. 3.2.2. Mechanically OperatedA metal rammer that is equipped with a device to control the height of drop to a free fall of 305 2 mm (12.00 0.06 in.) above the elevation of the soil and uniformly distributes such drops to the soil surfa

31、ce (Note 3). The rammer shall have a mass of 2.495 0.009 kg (5.5 0.02 lb), and have a flat circular face of 50.80-mm (2.000-in.) diameter with a manufactured tolerance of 0.25 mm (0.01 in.). The in-service diameter of the flat circular face shall be not less than 50.42 mm (1.985 in.). The mechanical

32、 rammer shall be calibrated by ASTM D2168. Note 3It may be impractical to adjust the mechanical apparatus so the free fall is 305 mm (12 in.) each time the rammer is dropped, as with the manually operated rammer. To make the adjustment of free fall, the portion of loose soil to receive the initial b

33、low should be slightly compressed with the rammer to establish the point of impact from which the 305-mm drop is determined. Subsequent blows on the layer of soil being compacted may all be applied by dropping the rammer from a height of 305 mm above the initial-setting elevation; or, when the mecha

34、nical apparatus is designed with a height adjustment for each blow, all subsequent blows should have a rammer free fall of 305 mm measured from the elevation of the soil as compacted 2017 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a

35、 violation of applicable law.TS-1b T 99-6 AASHTO by the previous blow. A more detailed calibration procedure for laboratory mechanical-rammer soil compactors can be found in ASTM D2168. 3.2.3. Rammer FaceThe circular face rammer shall be used, but a sector face may be used as an alternative, provide

36、d the report shall indicate type of face used other than the 50.8-mm (2-in.) circular face, and it shall have an area equal to that of the circular face rammer. The in-service area of sector face rammers shall be standardized and yield a surface area within 1.5 percent of the area of the 50.8-mm (2-

37、in.) circular face rammer. 3.3. Sample Extruder (for Solid-Walled Molds Only)A jack, lever, frame, or other device adopted for the purpose of extruding compacted specimens from the mold. 3.4. Balances and ScalesA balance or scale conforming to the requirements of M 231, Class G 5. Also, a balance co

38、nforming to the requirements of M 231, Class G 2. Note 4The capacity of the metric balance or scale should be approximately 11.5 kg (25 lb) when used to determine the mass of the 152-mm (6-in.) mold and compacted, moist soil; however, when the 102-mm (4-in.) mold is used, a balance or scale of lesse

39、r capacity than 11.5 kg may be used, if the sensitivity and readability are 1 g. 3.5. Drying OvenA thermostatically controlled drying oven capable of maintaining a temperature of 110 5C (230 9F) for drying moisture samples. 3.6. StraightedgeA hardened-steel straightedge at least 250 mm (10 in.) in l

40、ength. It shall have one beveled edge, and at least one longitudinal surface (used for final trimming) shall be plane within 0.250 mm per 250 mm (0.01 in. per 10 in.) (0.1 percent) of length within the portion used for trimming the soil (Note 5). Note 5The beveled edge may be used for final trimming

41、 if the edge is true within a tolerance of 0.250 mm per 250 mm (0.1 percent) of length; however, with continued use, the cutting edge may become excessively worn and not suitable for trimming the soil to the level of the mold. The straightedge should not be so flexible that trimming the soil with th

42、e cutting edge will cause a concave soil surface. 3.7. Sieves50-mm (2-in.), 19.0-mm (3/4-in.), and 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieves conforming to the requirements of ASTM E11. 3.8. Mixing ToolsMiscellaneous tools such as mixing pan, spoon, trowel, spatula, etc., or a suitable mechanical device for thoroughly

43、mixing the sample of soil with increments of water. 3.9. ContainersSuitable containers made of material resistant to corrosion and not subject to change in mass or disintegration on repeated heating and cooling. Containers shall have close-fitting lids to prevent loss of moisture from samples before

44、 initial mass determination and to prevent absorption of moisture from the atmosphere following drying and before final mass determination. One container is needed for each moisture content determination. METHOD A 4. SAMPLE 4.1. Obtain a representative sample. This sample must be large enough that w

45、hen the oversized (retained on the 4.75-mm No. 4 sieve) particles are removed 3 kg (7 lb) or more of the sample remains. 2017 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-1b T 99-7 AASHTO 4.2. Dry the

46、sample until it becomes friable under a trowel. Drying may be in air or by use of a drying apparatus that is maintained at a temperature not exceeding 60C (140F). Thoroughly break up the aggregations in such a manner as to avoid reducing the natural size of individual particles. 4.3. Sieve the soil

47、over the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve. When the sample has oversized particles, particles retained on the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve, refer to the Annex A1. 4.4. Reduce the sample, to a mass of 3 kg (7 lb) or more in accordance with R 76. 5. PROCEDURE 5.1. Determine the mass of the mold and base plate. 5.2. Tho

48、roughly mix the selected representative sample with sufficient water to dampen it to approximately four to eight percentage points below optimum moisture content. Note 6When developing a compaction curve for free-draining soils, such as uniform sands and gravels, where seepage occurs at the bottom o

49、f the mold and base plate, taking a representative moisture content sample from the mixing bowl may be preferred to determine the amount of moisture available for compaction. 5.3. Form a specimen by compacting the prepared soil in the 101.60-mm (4-in.) mold assembly (in three approximately equal layers