AASHTO GBF-2012 Guide for the Development of Bicycle Facilities (Fourth Edition).pdf

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1、 2012 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials 444 North Capitol Street, NW, Suite 249 Washington, DC 20001 202-624-5800 phone 202-62

2、4-5806 fax www.transportation.org 2012 by the American Association of State Highway and T ransportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law. Front cover photographs courtesy of Alaska DOT, Carole Reichardt (Iowa DOT), and the Alliance for Biking and Walking.

3、Back cover photograph courtesy of Patricia Little. Publication Code: GBF-4 ISBN: 978-1-56051-527-2 2012 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.i Executive Committee 20112012 Officers President: Kirk

4、 Steudle, P .E., MICHIGAN Vice President: Michael P . Lewis, RHODE ISLAND Secretary/T reasurer: Carlos Braceras, UTAH Regional Representatives REGION I Beverley K. Swaim-Staley, MARYLAND James P. Redeker, CONNECTICUTREGION II Robert St. Onge, SOUTH CAROLINAEugene Conti, NORTH CAROLINA REGION III Kev

5、in Keith, MISSOURIMark Gottlieb, WISCONSIN REGION IV Francis G. Ziegler P .E., NORTH DAKOTAJohn Cox, WYOMING Non-Voting Members Executive Director: John Horsley, AASHTO Immediate Past President: Susan Martinovich, P .E., NEVADA 2012 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Off

6、icials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.ii Technical Committee on Geometric Design Officers Jeff Jones, Tennessee, Chair James Rosenow, Minnesota, Vice Chair Brooke Struve, FHWA, Secretary Members Kent Belleque OREGON James O. Brewer KANSAS Rick Bruce OHIO Marshall

7、Elizer AMERICAN PUBLIC WORKS ASSOCIATION Mark A. Leiferman SOUTH DAKOTA Donald A. Lyford NEW HAMPSHIRE Deanna Maifield IOWA Eric Marabello MARYLAND Reza Maleki PORT AUTHORITY OF NEW YORK AND NEW JERSEY Joe Ruffer NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF COUNTY ENGINEERS Brent Story GEORGIA Bart Thrasher VIRGINIA Max

8、 Valerio NEW MEXICO T ed Watson NEBRASKA Stanley Wood MASSACHUSETTS Reza Amini OKLAHOMA Ray Derr TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD Robert Wunderlich NATIONAL LEAGUE OF CITIES 2012 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation o

9、f applicable law.iii Highway Subcommittee On Design Barry Schoch, Pennsylvania, Chair Richard Land, California, Vice Chair David A. Nichol, FHWA, Secretary Keith M. Platte, AASHTO, Staff Liaison ALABAMA William Adams, Rex Bush, Carey Kelley ALASKA Mark Neidhold, Robert A. Campbell ARIZONA VACANT ARK

10、ANSAS Michael Fugett, Phillip L. McConnell CALIFORNIA Terry L. Abbott, Kevin Hanley COLORADO Jeffrey Wassenaar CONNECTICUT James H. Norman, Timothy M. Wilson, Will Britnell DELAWARE Thad McIlvain, Mark Tudor DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA Muhammad Khalid, Dawit Muluneh FLORIDA David OHagan, Frank Sullivan GEO

11、RGIA Russell McMurry, Brent Story, G. Andy Casey HAWAII Julius Fronda IDAHO Loren D. Thomas, Monica Crider ILLINOIS Scott E. Stitt INDIANA Jeff Clanton, Merril E. Dougherty, John E. Wright IOWA Michael J. Kennerly, David L. Little, Deanna Maifield KANSAS James O. Brewer, Rod Lacy KENTUCKY Keith Caud

12、ill, Bradley S. Eldridge, Jeff D. Jasper LOUISIANA Nicholas Kalivoda, III, Chad Winchester MAINE Bradford P . Foley, Heath Cowan MARYLAND Kirk G. McClelland MASSACHUSETTS Stanley Wood, Jr. MICHIGAN Bradley C. Wieferich MINNESOTA John M. Chiglo, Mike Ginnaty MISSISSIPPI John M. Reese, Amy Mood, Richa

13、rd Pittman MISSOURI David B. Nichols, Kathryn P . Harvey MONTANA Paul R. Ferry, Lesly T ribelhorn 2012 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.iv NEBRASKA James J. Knott, Ted Watson NEVADA Paul Frost

14、, Kristena Shigenaga NEW HAMPSHIRE William Oldenburg NEW JERSEY Richard Jaffe, Richard Dunne NEW MEXICO Gabriela Contreras-Apodaca NEW YORK Daniel DAngelo, Richard Lee NORTH CAROLINA Deborah M. Barbour, Jay A. Bennett, Art McMillan NORTH DAKOTA Roger Weigel OHIO Dirk Gross, James Young OKLAHOMA Tim

15、Tegeler OREGON David Joe Polly, Steven R. Lindland PENNSYLVANIA Wayne Willey PUERTO RICO Luis Santos, Jos E. Santana-Pimentel RHODE ISLAND Robert Smith SOUTH CAROLINA Rob Bedenbaugh, Mark Lester, Mitchell D. Metts SOUTH DAKOTA Mark A. Leiferman TENNESSEE Jeff C. Jones, Carolyn Stonecipher TEXAS Mark

16、 A. Marek UTAH Lisa Wilson, Fred Doerhing, George Lukes VERMONT Kevin Marshia, Jesse Devlin VIRGINIA Robert H. Cary, Mohammad Mirshahi, Barton A. Thrasher WASHINGTON Pasco Bakotich, Terry L. Berends, Nancy Boyd WEST VIRGINIA Jason C. Foster, Dee Begley WISCONSIN Jerry H. Zogg WYOMING Tony Laird, San

17、dra Pecenka, Andrea Allen ASSOCIATE MEMBERBridge, Port, and T oll NJ TUR NPIKE AUTHORITY J. Lawrence Williams PORT AUTHORITY OF NY AND NJ Scott D. Murrell ASSOCIATE MEMBERFederal USDA FOREST SERVICE Ellen G. LaFayette 2012 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. Al

18、l rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.v ASSOCIATE MEMBERInternational ALBERTA Moh Lali BRITISH COLUMBIA Richard Voyer KOREA Chan-Su “Chris” Reem ONTARIO Joe Bucik SASKATCHEWAN Sukhy Kent 2012 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rig

19、hts reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law. 2012 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.vii Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction . 1-1 1.1 Design Imperative . 1-1 1.2 Purpose 1-

20、1 1.3 Scope . 1-2 1.4 Definitions 1-2 Chapter 2: Bicycle Planning 2-1 2.1 Background . 2-1 2.2 Why Planning for Bicycling is Important . 2-1 2.3 Factors Influencing Bicycling Behavior 2-2 2.3.1 T rip Purpose 2-2 2.3.2 Level of User Skill and Comfort 2-4 2.4 Types of T ransportation Planning Processe

21、s . 2-6 2.4.1 Comprehensive T ransportation Plans . 2-6 2.4.2 Bicycle Master Plans 2-6 2.4.3 T ransportation Impact/T raffic Studies 2-11 2.4.4 Small-Area and Corridor-Level Planning . 2-12 2.4.5 Project Level PlanningApprovals 2-12 2.5 Planning Bicycle T ransportation Networks 2-12 2.5.1 Deciding W

22、here Improvements Are Needed 2-12 2.5.2 Practical (Opportunistic) Approach to Network Planning . 2-14 2.5.3 Wayfinding for Bicycles . 2-20 2.6 Technical Analysis Tools That Support Bicycle Planning . 2-21 2.6.1 Data Collection and Flow Analysis 2-21 2.6.2 Quality of Service (or Level of Service) Too

23、ls 2-22 2.6.3 Safety Analysis 2-23 2.6.4 GIS-Based Data Collection/Network Planning 2-24 2.6.5 Bicycle T ravel Demand Analysis . 2-25 2.6.6 Cost-Benefit Analysis . 2-26 2.6.7 Key Role of Public Input in the Process . 2-26 2.7 Integrating Bicycle Facilities with T ransit . 2-27 2012 by the American A

24、ssociation of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.viii Chapter 3: Bicycle Operation and Safety . 3-1 3.1 Introduction 3-1 3.2 Design Vehicle 3-1 3.3 T raffic Principles for Bicyclists . 3-4 3.4 Causes of Bicycle Crashes 3-6 3.

25、4.1 Bicyclist Crash Studies . 3-8 3.4.2 Overall Findings 3-8 3.4.3 Contributing Causes of Bicyclist-Motor Vehicle Crashes and Recommended Countermeasures . 3-9 Chapter 4: Design of On-Road Facilities 4-1 4.1 Introduction 4-1 4.2 Elements of Design 4-1 4.3 Shared Lanes 4-2 4.3.1 Shared Lanes on Major

26、 Roadways (Wide Curb/Outside Lanes) . 4-3 4.3.2 Signs for Shared Roadways 4-3 4.4 Marked Shared Lanes 4-4 4.5 Paved Shoulders . 4-7 4.5.1 Shoulder Bypass Lanes . 4-8 4.5.2 Rumble Strips 4-9 4.6 Bicycle Lanes . 4-11 4.6.1 General Considerations . 4-11 4.6.2 Bicycle Lanes on T wo-Way Streets 4-12 4.6.

27、3 Bicycle Lanes on One-Way Streets . 4-12 4.6.4 Bicycle Lane Widths 4-14 4.6.5 Bicycle Lanes and On-Street Parking . 4-16 4.7 Bicycle Lane Markings and Signs . 4-17 4.7.1 Bicycle Lane Lines . 4-17 4.7.2 Bicycle Lane Markings . 4-18 4.7.3 Bicycle Lane Signs . 4-21 4.8 Bicycle Lanes at Intersections .

28、 4-22 4.8.1 Right T urn Considerations 4-23 4.8.2 Left T urn Considerations . 4-26 4.9 Retrofitting Bicycle Facilities on Existing Streets and Highways 4-28 4.9.1 Retrofitting Bicycle Facilities By Widening the Roadway . 4-28 4.9.2 Retrofitting Bicycle Facilities Without Roadway Widening 4-29 4.10 B

29、icycle Boulevards . 4-33 4.11 Bicycle Guide Signs/Wayfinding 4-34 4.12 Other Roadway Design Considerations . 4-38 2012 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.ix 4.12.1 Railroad Grade Crossings 4-38

30、4.12.2. Obstruction Markings . 4-40 4.12.3 Bridges, Viaducts, and T unnels 4-41 4.12.4 T raffic Signals 4-43 4.12.5 Detection for Bicycles at T raffic Signals 4-47 4.12.6 Bicycles and T raffic Calming . 4-51 4.12.7 Bicycles and T raffic Management 4-53 4.12.8 Drainage Grates and Utility Covers . 4-5

31、5 4.12.9 Bicycle T ravel on Freeways . 4-56 4.12.10 Bicycle T ravel Through Interchange Areas 4-57 4.12.11 Bicycle T ravel at Roundabouts . 4-63 Chapter 5: Design of Shared Use Paths . 5-1 5.1 Introduction 5-1 5.1.1 Accessibility Requirements for Shared Use Paths 5-2 5.2 Elements of Design 5-2 5.2.1

32、 Width and Clearance . 5-3 5.2.2 Shared Use Paths Adjacent to Roadways (Sidepaths) 5-8 5.2.3 Shared Use with Mopeds, Motorcycles, Snowmobiles, and Horses 5-11 5.2.4 Design Speed . 5-12 5.2.5 Horizontal Alignment 5-13 5.2.6 Cross Slope 5-15 5.2.7 Grade 5-16 5.2.8 Stopping Sight Distance 5-17 5.2.9 Su

33、rface Structure . 5-25 5.2.10 Bridges and Underpasses 5-26 5.2.11 Drainage 5-28 5.2.12 Lighting . 5-29 5.3 Shared Use Path RoadwayIntersection Design . 5-30 5.3.1 Shared Use Path Crossing Types 5-30 5.3.2 Design of Mid-Block Crossings . 5-31 5.3.3 Examples of Mid-Block Intersection Controls . 5-38 5

34、.3.4 Sidepath Intersection Design Considerations . 5-42 5.3.5 Other Intersection T reatments . 5-45 5.3.6 Additional Bicycle Crossing Considerations . 5-49 5.4 Pavement Markings, Signs, and Signals 5-50 5.4.1 Pavement Markings . 5-50 5.4.2 Signs 5-52 5.4.3 Signalized and Active Warning Crossings . 5

35、-54 2012 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.x Chapter 6: Bicycle Parking Facilities 6-1 6.1 Introduction 6-1 6.2 Planning for Bicycle Parking 6-1 6.3 Short-Term Bicycle Parking Facilities . 6-2

36、6.3.1 Site Design 6-3 6.3.2 Rack Design 6-3 6.3.3 Considerations for Special Types of Racks 6-4 6.4 Long-Term Bicycle Parking Facilities . 6-4 Chapter 7: Maintenance and Operations 7-1 7.1 Introduction 7-1 7.2 Recommended Maintenance Programs and Activities . 7-1 7.2.1 Sweeping . 7-2 7.2.2 Surface R

37、epairs 7-2 7.2.3 Pavement Overlays 7-3 7.2.4 Vegetation . 7-3 7.2.5 T raffic Signal Detectors 7-4 7.2.6 Signs and Markings . 7-4 7.2.7 Drainage Improvements 7-4 7.2.8 Chip Sealing 7-5 7.2.9 Patching Activities . 7-5 7.2.10 Utility Cuts . 7-5 7.2.11 Snow Clearance . 7-6 7.3 Operating Bikeways in Work

38、 Zones. 7-6 7.3.1 Rural Highway Construction . 7-7 7.3.2 Urban Roadway Construction . 7-7 Index I-1 2012 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.xi List of Figures Chapter 2 Figure 2-1 Typical Wayfin

39、ding Signs 2-20 Chapter 3 Figure 3-1 Bicyclist Operating Space 3-2 Figure 3-2 Typical Bicyle Dimensions 3-3 Figure 3-3 Common Maneuvers for Bicyclists T urning Left at an Intersection .3-7 Chapter 4 Figure 4-1 “Share The Road” Sign Assembly 4-3 Figure 4-2 Bicycles “May Use Full Lane” Sign 4-3 Figure

40、 4-3 “Wrong WayRide With T raffic” Sign Assembly .4-4 Figure 4-4 Shared-Lane Marking .4-5 Figure 4-5 Typical Shared-Lane Marking Cross Section on Street with Parking 4-6 Figure 4-6 Typical Shared-Lane Marking Cross Section on Street with No On-Street Parking .4-6 Figure 4-7 Shoulder Bypass Lane .4-8

41、 Figure 4-8 Rumble Strips .4-9 Figure 4-9 Rumble Strip Design Parameters .4-10 Figure 4-10 Example of Paved Shoulder Designated as Bicycle Lane 4-11 Figure 4-11 Shared-Lane Marking and Bike Lane on Steep Street 4-12 Figure 4-12 Typical Markings for One-Way Street Designed for T wo-Way Bicycle T rave

42、l .4-13 Figure 4-13 Typical Bike Lane Cross Sections 4-15 Figure 4-14 Example of Bike Lane Adjacent to Parallel Parking 4-16 Figure 4-15 Example of Bike Lane Adjacent to Back-in Diagonal Parking4-17 Figure 4-16 Typical Bike Lane Pavement Markings 4-19 Figure 4-17 Bike Lane Symbol Markings .4-20 Figu

43、re 4-18 Example of Symbol Placement to Avoid Premature Wear 4-21 Figure 4-19 Bike Lane Sign 4-22 Figure 4-20 Examples of Bike Lanes Approaching Right-T urn-Only Lanes (With and Without Parking) .4-24 2012 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved.

44、 Duplication is a violation of applicable law.xii Figure 4-21 Example of Bike Lane with Through Lane T ransitioning to Right-T urn-Only Lane 4-25 Figure 4-22 Example of Bike Left-T urn-Only Lane 4-27 Figure 4-23 Example of Road Diet .4-31 Figure 4-24 Road DietBefore and After 4-32 Figure 4-25 D11 Se

45、ries Bicycle Route Signs .4-34 Figure 4-26 Wayfinding Signs 4-35 Figure 4-27 Typical Bicycle Guide Signage Layout .4-37 Figure 4-28 Correction for Skewed Railroad Grade CrossingSeparate Pathway 4-39 Figure 4-29 Correction for Skewed Railroad Grade CrossingWidened Shoulder 4-40 Figure 4-30 Obstructio

46、n Marking 4-41 Figure 4-31 Diagonal Quadrupole Loop Detector .4-48 Figure 4-32 Conventional Quadrupole Loop Detector 4-48 Figure 4-33 Typical Bicycle Detector Pavement Marking .4-49 Figure 4-34 Bicycle Detector Pavement Marking and Sign 4-49 Figure 4-35 Examples of Bicycle-Friendly Approach Profiles

47、 for Speed Humps and Speed T ables .4-51 Figure 4-36 Curb Extensions .4-53 Figure 4-37 Choker with Bicycle Access .4-55 Figure 4-38 Bicycle-Compatible Drainage Grates .4-56 Figure 4-39 Example of Bike Lane on the Crossroad at a Freeway Interchange .4-58 Figure 4-40 Single-Point Diamond Interchange (

48、SPDI) .4-59 Figure 4-41 Option 1Bike Lane and Free-Flow Merging Roadway .4-61 Figure 4-42 Option 2Bike Lane and Free-Flow Merging Roadway 4-61 Figure 4-43 Example of Bike Lane and Diverging Roadway on an Arterial Street .4-62 Figure 4-44 Typical Layout of Roundabout with Bike Lanes (4) .4-64 Chapter

49、 5 Figure 5-1 Typical Cross Section of T wo-Way Shared Use Path on Independent Right-of-Way .5-4 Figure 5-2 Minimum Width Needed to Facilitate Passing on a Shared Use Path 5-4 Figure 5-3 Safety Rail Between Path and Adjacent Slope 5-7 Figure 5-4 Sidepath Conflicts .5-10 Figure 5-5 Shared Use Path with Separate Unpaved Equestrian/Jogger Path .5-12 Figure 5-6 Minimum Stopping Sight Distance vs. Grades for Various Design SpeedsAscending Climbing Grade.5-18 Figure 5-7 Minimum Stopping Sight Distance vs. Grades