ACI SP-221-2004 Fly Ash Silica Fume Slag and Natural Pozzolans in Concrete《混凝土中的飞灰、硅灰、矿渣和天然火山灰》.pdf

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1、 COMMZTTEE FOR THE ORGANIZATION OF CANMETIACI INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCES (AC1 Council) Chairperson V. M. Malhotra CANMETlNatural Resources Canada Ottawa, ON Secretary- Treasurer Harry S. Wilson Consultant Ottawa, ON Members Theodore W. Bremner University of New Brunswick Fredericton, Ni3 Wilbert (Wib

2、) Langley W.S. Langley Concrete and Materials Technology, Inc. Lower Sackville, NS Noel Mailvaganam Institute for Research in Construction National Research Council Ottawa, ON Nelu Spiratos Handy Chemicals, Ltd. Candiac, QC FRONT COVER PHOTO: A view of the first high-volume fly ash concrete pavement

3、 in India. Photo courtesy of J. I? Desai, Gujarat Ambuja Cementi Ltd, India. Eighth CANMET/ACI International Conference on Fly Ash, Silica Fume, Slag and Natural Pozzolans in Concrete Editor V. Mohan Malhotra o international SP-22 1 First printing, May 2004 DISCUSSION of individual papers in this sy

4、mposium may be submitted in accordance with general requirements of the AC1 Publication Policy to AC1 headquarters at the address given below. Closing date for submission of discussion is December 2004. All discussion approved by the Technical Activities Committee along with closing remarks by the a

5、uthors will be published in the MarchApril 2005 issue of either AC1 Structural Journal or Materials Journal depending on the subject emphasis of the individual paper. The Institute is not responsible for the statements or opinions expressed in its publications. Institute publications are not able to

6、, nor intended to, supplant individual training, responsibility, or judgment of the user, or the supplier, of the information presented. The papers in this volume have been reviewed under Institute publication procedures by individuals expert in the subject areas of the papers. Copyright O 2004 AMER

7、ICAN CONCRETE INSTITUTE P.O. Box 9094 Farmington Hills, Michigan 48333-9094 All rights reserved, including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by any means, including the making of copies by any photo process, or by any electronic or mechanical device, printed or written or oral, or record

8、ing for sound or visual reproduction or for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission in writing is obtained from the copyright proprietors. Printed in the United States of America Editorial production: Lindsay K. Kennedy Library of Congress catalog card number: 200410492

9、 1 ISBN: 0-87031-146-8 PREFACE To conserve both resources and energy, and to reduce CO, emissions, the Canadian Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology (CANMET) of Natural Resources Canada, Ottawa, has played a significant role in Canada for over 35 years in research on fly ashes, ferrous and nonfe

10、rrous slags, and silica fumes. In July-August 1983, CANMET, in association with the American Concrete Institute and the U.S. Corps of Engineers, sponsored a five-day international conference at Montebello, Quebec, Canada, on the Use of Fly Ash, Silica Fume, Slag and Other Mineral By-products in Conc

11、rete. The conference brought together representatives from industries, universities, and government agencies to present the latest information on these materials and to explore new areas of needed research. The two-volume proceedings of the conference containing 62 papers from 15 countries were publ

12、ished as AC1 Special Publication SP-79. In 1986, CANMET, in association with the American Concrete Institute, the Canadian Society for Civil Engineering, and a number of organizations in Spain, sponsored the Second International Conference on Fly Ash, Silica Fume, Slag, and Natural Pozzolans in Conc

13、rete. The conference was held April 21-25,1986, in Madrid, Spain. The two-volume proceedings of the conference containing 72 refereed papers from more than 20 countries were published as AC1 Special Publication SP-91. In 1989, CANMET, in association with the American Concrete Institute, Norwegian In

14、stitute of Technology, and several other organizations in Canada and Norway, sponsored the Third International Conference on this subject. The conference was held June 18-23, 1989, in Trondheim, Norway. The two-volume proceedings of the conference containing 83 refereed papers from more than 25 coun

15、tries were published as AC1 Special Publication In 1992, CANMET, in association with the American Concrete Institute, Electric Power Research Institute, U.S.A., and several other organizations in Canada and Turkey, sponsored the Fourth International Conference on the subject. The conference was held

16、 May 3-8, 1992, in Istanbul, Turkey. More than 130 papers from 32 countries were received and reviewed in accordance with the policies of the American Concrete Institute; 89 refereed papers were accepted for publication as AC1 Special Publications SP- 132. In 1995, CANMET, in association with the Am

17、erican Concrete Institute, Electric Power Research Institute, U.S.A., Canadian Electrical Association, Montreal, and several other organizations in Canada and the United States, sponsored the Fifth International Conference on the subject. The conference was held June 4-9, 1995, in Milwaukee, U.S.A.

18、The two-volume proceedings of the conference containing 62 refereed papers from 23 countries were published as AC1 Special Publication SP-153. In 1998, CANMET, in association with the American Concrete Institute, U.S.A. and Electric Power Research Institute, U.S.A., and several other organizations i

19、n Canada and Thailand, sponsored the Sixth CANMETIACI International Conference on the subject. The conference was held May 31-June 5, 1998, in Bangkok, Thailand. The two-volume proceedings of the conference containing 59 refereed papers from 26 countries were published as AC1 Special Publication SP-

20、178. In 2001, CANMET, in association with the American Concrete Institute, the Electric SP-114. Power Research Institute, U.S.A., and several other organizations in Canada and India sponsored the Seventh CANMET/ACI International Conference on Fly Ash, Silica Fume, Slag and Natural Pozzolans in Concr

21、ete. The Conference was held July 22-27, 2001, in Chennai (Madras), India. The two-volume proceedings of the conference, containing 53 refereed papers from more than 20 countries were published as AC1 Special Publication SP- 199. In 2004, CANMET in association with the American Concrete Institute, F

22、armington Hills, MI, the Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA, UWM Center for By-products Utilization, Milwaukee, WI, and several other organizations in Canada, sponsored the Eighth CANMET/ACI International Conference on Fly Ash, Silica Fume, Slag and Natural Pozzolans in Concrete. The c

23、onference was held inLasVegas, Nevada,U.S.A., May 23-29,2004. The proceedings of the conference containing 56 refereed papers from more than 20 countries were published as AC1 Special Publication SP-221. To all those whose submissions could not be included in the conference proceedings, the Institut

24、e and the Conference Organizing Committee extend their appreciation for their interest and hard work, In addition to the papers which have been published in the proceedings, a large number of other papers were presented. Most of these papers were published as supplementary papers, and the authors ha

25、ve been encouraged to publish them in technical journals of their choice. Thanks are extended to the members of the “Technical Paper Review Panel” that met at Sorrento, Italy, Nov. 1-5, 2003, to review the papers. Without their dedicated effort, it would not have been possible to publish the proceed

26、ings for distribution at the conference. The cooperation of the authors in accepting reviewers suggestions and revising their manuscripts accordingly is greatly appreciated. The help and assistance of Mr. H. S. Wilson, Consultant, Ottawa, Gordon D. Brearley and Maria Venturino of CANMET, and Dr. A.

27、K. Kuriakose of Ottawa are gratefully acknowledged in the administrative work associated with the conference, and in processing of the manuscripts both for the AC1 proceedings and the supplementary volume. Thanks are also extended to A. Bilodeau (Chair) and Messrs. B. Fournier and R. Chevrier (Membe

28、rs) of the Audio-visual Review Panel for their services to ensure that the visuals met the CANMET/ACI criteria. V.M. Malhotra, Editor Chair, Eighth CANMET/ACI International Conference on Fly Ash, Silica Fume, Slag and Natural Pozzolans in Concrete Las Vegas, Nevada, U.S.A. May 2004 iv SP-221-1: Eval

29、uation of Test Methods for Determining the Resistance of Concrete to Chloride-Ion Penetration . 1 by L. Jiang, M. H. Zhang, and V. M. Malhotra SP-221-2: Sustainable Development and Durability of by L. Coppola, T. CeniIli, and D. Saivioni SP-221-3: Macro- and Micro-Cell Corrosion of Steel Bars in Cra

30、cked Concrete made with Various Cements . .51 by T. U. Mohammed, H. Hamada, and H. Yokota SP-221-4: The Use of Beneficiated Fly Ash as a Component of Cement in Concrete .73 by J. B. Newman and P. L. Owens SP-221-5: Development of Lightweight Concrete Containing High Volumes of Fly Ash, Bottom Ash, a

31、nd Waste Fines from Stone Quarries by M. Nisnevich, G. Sirotin, Y. Eshel, and T. Schlesinger SP-2214 The Effects of Blended Cements on Concrete Porosity, Chloride by G. J. Kurgan, D. G. Tepke, A. J. Schokker, I? J. Tikalsky, and B. E. Scheetz SP-221-7: Fast-Track Concrete Construction Using Cement b

32、y S. J. Bamett, M. N. Soutsos, J. H. Bungey, and S. G. Millard SP-221-8 Strength Development of Ternary Blended Cement with High-Calcium Fly Ash and Amorphous Silica . 153 by S. Antiohos, D. Giakoumelos, and S. Tsimas SP-221-9: Use of Fluidized Bed Combustion Ash as Raw Feed in the Manufacture of Ca

33、lcium Sulfoaluminate Cements by G. Bernardo, M. Marroccoli, F. Montagnaro, and G. L. Valenti SP-221-10: Influence of Different Curing Conditions on Strength Development of High-Strength Concrete Using Fly Ash 181 by F.-R. Wu, Y. Masuda, and S. Nakamura SP-221-11: Concrete with Fly Ash and Influence

34、of Alkalinity on Strength, Leaching and Freezing and Thawing of Fly Ash Cement Stabilisations 195 by A. L. A. Fraaij and J. M. Bijen SP-221-12: The Use of High-Range Water-Reducers in Concrete Containing Fly Ash and Ground, Granulated Blast-Fumace Slag .217 by W. M. Hale, T. A. Ling, T. D. Bush, Jr.

35、, and B. W. Russell Self-compacting Concretes ,29 . .91 Permeability, and Resistivity 107 Replacement Materiais . 135 169 V SP-221-13: The Pore Structure and Autogenous Shrinkage of by Y. Akkaya, M. Konsta-Gdoutos, and S. P. Shah SP-221-14: Evaluation of ASR Resistance of Fly Ash-Slag Combinations b

36、y C.-S. Shon, D. G. Zollinger, and S. L. Sarkar SP-22 1-15: Long-Term Performance of Concrete Incorporating Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag .265 by D. Boubitsas SP-221-16: Strength and Corrosion Protection of Silica Fume Concrete by P. Montes and T. W. Bremner SP-22 1-17: Reaction Models for Al

37、kali-Activated Slags by H. J. H. Brouwers and W. Chen SP-22 1-1 8: Evaluation of Zeolite-Bearing Tuffs as Pozzolanic Addition for Blended Cements . .319 by B. Liguori, D. Caputo, M. Marroccoli, and C. Colella SP-221-19: Efficiencyof Inert Mineral AdmixturesinMortars . 335 by M. Cyr, P. Lawrence, E.

38、Ringot, and A. Tagnit-Hamou SP-221-20: Activation of Fly Ashes: A General View by A. Fernndez-Jimnez and A. Palomo SP-221-21: Influence of Quality of Powder on Rheology of by T. Fumoto and M. Yamada SP-22 1-22: High Calcium Coal Fly Ash as Raw Matenal for Synthesizing New Low-Energy Cements by S. Go

39、i, A. Guerrero, M. P. Lorenzo, A. Moragues, I. Campillo, and J. S. Dolado SP-221-23: The RoIe of Fine Supplementary Binder in High Performance Fiber Reinforced Cementitious Composites by D. Hesselbarth and 1. Kaufmann SP-221-24: Compressive Strength of Mortars Due to Pozzolanic Reaction of Fly Ash b

40、y R. Cheerarot, J. Tangpagasit, and C. Jaturapitakkul SP-221-25: Influence of Silica Fume on the Rheology of Cementitious Paste .427 by H. Vikan and H. Justnes SP-221-26: Use of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration (MSWI) Fly Ash for Manufacturing Ecological and Energy Saving Cements . .443 by W. Luho

41、wiak, E. H. Kadri, A. Lefevre, M. P. Petruk, and K. Sobol High-Performance Concrete with Ternary Binders Using the Modified ASTM C 1260 Test Method . .233 . .249 Containing Fly Ash or Calcium Nitrite Inhibitor or Both .281 303 . .351 High-Fluidity Concrete .367 .381 395 . .411 vi SP-221-27: Environm

42、ent-Friendly Block Made from Steel Slag by H. Matsunaga, E Kogiku, M. Takagi, K. Tanishiki, and M. Nakagawa SP-221-28: Chloride Ingress into Concrete in Saturated and Cyclic by B. D. Miller and M. A. Miltenberger SP-221-29: The Influence of Slag and Fly Ash on the Carbonation by M. Collepardi, S. Co

43、llepardi, J. J. Ogoumah Olagot, and F. Simonelli SP-221-30: Optimization of Silica Fume, Fly Ash and Amorphous Nano-Silica in Superplasticized High-Performance Concrete .495 by M. Collepardi, S. Collepardi, U. Skarp, and R. Troli SP-221-31: High-Strength Self-compacting Concrete with Fly Ash by R. G

44、ettu, P. C. C. Gomes, L. Agull, and A. Josa SP-221-32: Properties of Flowable Self-compacting Slurry Using Quarry by T. R. Naik, R. N. Kraus,Y. Chun, R. Siddique, and E D. Botha SP-221-33: Compressive Strength and Leachate Characteristics of New Green CLSM with diffusion; fly ash; lightweight aggreg

45、ate; metakaolin; migration; rice husk ash; silica fume; slag; test method 1 2 Jiang et al. Linhua Jiang is a professor and head of the Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Hohai University, China. He obtained his PhD from the same university. His research interests include durability of

46、concrete, high-performance concrete, concrete repair, and use of waste materials in concrete. Min-Hong Zhang, FACI, is Associate Professor with Department of Civil Engineering, National University of Singapore. Her research interests include high-strength high-performance lightweight concrete, durab

47、ility of concrete, impact resistance of high-strength composites, and microstructure of concrete. AC1 Honorary Member V. Mohan Malhotra is Scientist Emeritus, International Centre for Sustainable Development of Cement and Concrete (ICON), CANMET, Natural Resources Canada, Ottawa, Canada. He is a for

48、mer member of the AC1 Board of Direction and has served on numerous AC1 committees. He is a prolific author, editor, and researcher, and has received many awards and honors from AC1 and other institutions throughout the world. INTRODUCTION Corrosion of steel reinforcement in concrete is a serious pr

49、oblem worldwide. One of the primary causes of this corrosion is the penetration of chloride ions, that destroys the passive state of steel in the high alkaline environment in concrete i. Most design codes have strict limitations on the total content of chlorides in concrete that are from concrete ingredients such as chemical admixtures and mixing water. The chlorides that cause reinforcement corrosion of structures are often from external sources during the service life of the structures such as sea water or de-icing salts. There is a great need