ACI 544.9R-2017 Report on Measuring Mechanical Properties of Hardened Fiber-Reinforced Concrete.pdf

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1、Report on Measuring Mechanical Properties of Hardened Fiber-Reinforced ConcreteReported by ACI Committee 544ACI 544.9R-17First PrintingJanuary 2017ISBN: 978-1-945487-49-1Report on Measuring Mechanical Properties of Hardened Fiber-Reinforced ConcreteCopyright by the American Concrete Institute, Farmi

2、ngton Hills, MI. All rights reserved. This material may not be reproduced or copied, in whole or part, in any printed, mechanical, electronic, film, or other distribution and storage media, without the written consent of ACI.The technical committees responsible for ACI committee reports and standard

3、s strive to avoid ambiguities, omissions, and errors in these documents. In spite of these efforts, the users of ACI documents occasionally find information or requirements that may be subject to more than one interpretation or may be incomplete or incorrect. Users who have suggestions for the impro

4、vement of ACI documents are requested to contact ACI via the errata website at http:/concrete.org/Publications/DocumentErrata.aspx. Proper use of this document includes periodically checking for errata for the most up-to-date revisions.ACI committee documents are intended for the use of individuals

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6、d use of this information.All information in this publication is provided “as is” without warranty of any kind, either express or implied, including but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose or non-infringement.ACI and its members disclaim liabil

7、ity for damages of any kind, including any special, indirect, incidental, or consequential damages, including without limitation, lost revenues or lost profits, which may result from the use of this publication.It is the responsibility of the user of this document to establish health and safety prac

8、tices appropriate to the specific circumstances involved with its use. ACI does not make any representations with regard to health and safety issues and the use of this document. The user must determine the applicability of all regulatory limitations before applying the document and must comply with

9、 all applicable laws and regulations, including but not limited to, United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) health and safety standards.Participation by governmental representatives in the work of the American Concrete Institute and in the development of Institute standard

10、s does not constitute governmental endorsement of ACI or the standards that it develops.Order information: ACI documents are available in print, by download, on CD-ROM, through electronic subscription, or reprint and may be obtained by contacting ACI.Most ACI standards and committee reports are gath

11、ered together in the annually revised ACI Manual of Concrete Practice (MCP).American Concrete Institute38800 Country Club DriveFarmington Hills, MI 48331Phone: +1.248.848.3700Fax: +1.248.848.3701www.concrete.orgThis report provides a synopsis of the existing testing method-ologies for the determinat

12、ion of mechanical properties of hard-ened fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC). This report applies to the mechanical properties of conventionally mixed and placed FRC, including fiber-reinforced self-consolidating concrete (FRSCC), or fiber-reinforced shotcrete (FRS) using steel, glass, polymeric, and n

13、atural fibers.The objective is to enable manufacturers to characterize the mechanical properties of hardened FRC and encourage researchers and testing laboratories to adopt common and unified test methods to build a meaningful database of mechanical properties of hard-ened FRC materials and products

14、. Test results from the test proce-dures used in this report are not intended for the design of FRC structures, but to gain a better understanding of factors influencing the determination of their mechanical properties and of FRCs and FRC products.Keywords: compressive strength; fiber pullout; fiber

15、-reinforced concrete; flexural fatigue resistance; flexural strength; impact resistance; multiaxial behavior; shear and torsion; tensile strength; toughness.CONTENTSCHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE, p. 21.1Introduction, p. 21.2Scope, p. 2CHAPTER 2NOTATION AND DEFINITIONS, p. 22.1Notation, p. 22.2Defi

16、nitions, p. 3Barzin Mobasher*, ChairNeven Krstulovic-Opara, SecretaryClifford N. MacDonald*, Membership SecretaryACI 544.9R-17Report on Measuring Mechanical Properties of Hardened Fiber-Reinforced ConcreteReported by Committee 544Corina-Maria AldeaEmmanuel K. AttiogbeMehdi BakhshiNemkumar BanthiaJoa

17、quim Oliveira Barros*Amir Bonakdar*Amanda C. BordelonJean-Philippe CharronXavier Destree*Ashish DubeyMahmut EkenelLiberato FerraraGregor D. FischerDean P. Forgeron*Emilio Garcia TaenguaRishi GuptaHeidi HelminkGeorge C. HoffMarco InvernizziJohn JonesDavid A. LangeMichael A. MahoneyBruno MassicotteJam

18、es MilliganNicholas C. Mitchell Jr.Jeffrey L. NovakGiovanni A. PlizzariKlaus Alexander RiederPierre RossiSteve SchaefSurendra P. ShahFlavio de Andrade SilvaLuca SorelliThomas E. WestKay WilleRobert C. ZellersConsulting membersP. N. BalaguruHiram Price Ball Jr.Gordon B. BatsonArnon BenturAndrzej M. B

19、randtJames I. DanielSidney FreedmanChristian MeyerHenry J. MolloyAntoine E. NaamanVenkataswamy Ramakrishnan*Members of subcommittee who contributed to this report.Chair of the subcommittee that developed this report.Consulting members who contributed to this report.The committee would like to thank

20、H. Aoude and F. Vossoughi for their contributions to this report.ACI Committee Reports, Guides, and Commentaries are intended for guidance in planning, designing, executing, and inspecting construction. This document is intended for the use of individuals who are competent to evaluate the significan

21、ce and limitations of its content and recommendations and who will accept responsibility for the application of the material it contains. The American Concrete Institute disclaims any and all responsibility for the stated principles. The Institute shall not be liable for any loss or damage arising t

22、herefrom.Reference to this document shall not be made in contract documents. If items found in this document are desired by the Architect/Engineer to be a part of the contract documents, they shall be restated in mandatory language for incorporation by the Architect/Engineer.ACI 544.9R-17 was adopte

23、d and published January 2017.Copyright 2017, American Concrete Institute.All rights reserved including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by any means, including the making of copies by any photo process, or by electronic or mechanical device, printed, written, or oral, or recording for s

24、ound or visual reproduction or for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission in writing is obtained from the copyright proprietors.1CHAPTER 3SAMPLING AND SPECIMEN PREPARATION, p. 43.1General, p. 43.2Test specimens, p. 43.3Sample size, p. 4CHAPTER 4COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, MO

25、DULUS OF ELASTICITY, AND POISSONS RATIO, p. 44.1General, p. 44.2Compressive stress-strain curve, p. 5CHAPTER 5TENSILE BEHAVIOR, p. 65.1General, p. 65.2Direct tension tests, p. 65.3Indirect tension tests, p. 10CHAPTER 6FLEXURAL BEHAVIOR: STRENGTH, TOUGHNESS, AND CLOSED-LOOP TESTS, p. 146.1General, p.

26、 146.2Flexural strength, p. 156.3Flexural toughness and residual post-cracking strength, p. 15CHAPTER 7INTERFACE, BOND SLIP, AND FIBER PULLOUT, p. 207.1General, p. 207.2Pullout tests, p. 21CHAPTER 8HIGH STRAIN RATE TESTING, p. 248.1General, p. 248.2High-speed tension tests, p. 258.3Split Hopkinson (

27、pressure) bar test, p. 26CHAPTER 9IMPACT PERFORMANCE TESTING, p. 279.1General, p. 279.2Noninstrumented impact tests, p. 279.3Instrumented impact tests, p. 27CHAPTER 10FATIGUE RESISTANCE, p. 3510.1General, p. 3510.2Uniaxial compression fatigue, p. 3710.3Biaxial compression fatigue, p. 3810.4Tensile f

28、atigue, p. 3810.5Flexural fatigue, p. 39CHAPTER 11SHEAR AND TORSION, p. 40CHAPTER 12BIAXIAL/MULTIAXIAL BEHAVIOR, p. 41CHAPTER 13CONCLUSIONS, p. 41CHAPTER 14REFERENCES, p. 42Authored documents, p. 43CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE1.1IntroductionThe use of fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC) has evolved f

29、rom small-scale applications to routine factory and field applications that involve the global use of tens of millions of cubic yards (meters) annually. This growth of application, in conjunction with new fibers, admixtures, and mixture designs, has created an urgent need to review existing test met

30、hods and, where necessary, develop new methods for determining the fresh and hardened properties of FRC.1.2ScopeThis report documents the determination of mechanical properties of hardened FRC. The objective is to charac-terize these mechanical properties and encourage common and unified test method

31、s. This objective builds a meaningful database of mechanical properties of hardened FRC mate-rials and products. Further, the results should not be taken out of the context presented for illustrating the tests and not for comparing fibers out of context. The results from the tests and procedures use

32、d in this document are not intended to be used for the design of FRC structures. The purpose of this document is to gain a better understanding of the many factors influencing tests for the determination of mechanical properties of FRCs and FRC products.Although most of the test methods described in

33、 this report were developed initially for steel FRC (SFRC), they are applicable to concretes reinforced with glass, synthetic/poly-meric, and natural fibers, except when noted. In Fig. 1.2, an example of different types of fibers commonly employed in FRC is provided.This report applies to the mechan

34、ical properties of conven-tionally mixed and placed FRC or fiber-reinforced shotcrete (FRS) using steel, glass, synthetic/polymeric, and cellulose/natural fibers.Some newer test methods and evaluation procedures under development are not included in this report. Examples of this are tensile creep an

35、d flexural creep of concrete where the section has cracked and the bridging fibers are carrying loads.This report does not discuss test methods for thin glass FRC or mortar products produced by the spray-up process. The Prestressed Concrete Institute (PCI MNL 128) and the International Glassfibre Re

36、inforced Cement Association (2016a,b) have prepared recommendations for test methods for these spray-up materials.CHAPTER 2NOTATION AND DEFINITIONS2.1Notationa, b = dimensions, in. (mm)b = width, in. (mm)d = depth, in. (mm)df= fiber diameter, in. (mm)f1= first cracking nominal stress (as from result

37、s of flex-ural tests according to ASTM C1609/C1609M), psi (MPa)American Concrete Institute Copyrighted Material www.concrete.org2 REPORT ON MEASURING MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF HARDENED FIBER-REINFORCED CONCRETE (ACI 544.9R-17)f150= residual nominal bending strength corresponding to P150, psi (MPa)f60

38、0= residual nominal bending strength corresponding to P600, psi (MPa)feq= equivalent nominal flexural strength, calculated with reference to predefined crack opening range, from nominal flexural stress versus crack opening curves obtained from flexural tests, psi (MPa)fp= peak nominal stress (as fro

39、m results of flexural tests according to ASTM C1609/C1609M); may coin-cide with or be higher than f1, psi (MPa)fR, fRj= residual nominal flexural strength, at a specified value of the crack mouth opening displacement, as from results of flexural tests on notched specimens as per EN 14651, psi (MPa)f

40、R1= residual nominal flexural strength, at CMOD = 0.02 in. (0.5 mm), as from results of flexural tests on notched specimens as per EN 14651, psi (MPa)fR1k= characteristic value of fR1fR2= residual nominal flexural strength, at CMOD = 0.06 in. (1.5 mm), as from results of flexural tests on notched sp

41、ecimens as per EN 14651, psi (MPa)fR3= residual nominal flexural strength, at CMOD = 0.10 in. (2.5 mm), as from results of flexural tests on notched specimens as per EN 14651, psi (MPa)fR3k= characteristic value of fR3fR4= residual nominal flexural strength, at CMOD = 0.14 in. (3.5 mm), as from resu

42、lts of flexural tests on notched specimens as per EN 14651, psi (MPa)h = specimen height, in. (mm)L = length, span, in.-ft. (mm); also gauge length, in. (mm)lf= fiber length, in. (mm)P = load, lbf (N)P1= first cracking load (as from results of flexural tests according to ASTM C1609/C1609M), lbf (N)P

43、150= residual load measured in flexural tests as per ASTM C1609/C1609M in correspondence of a midspan net deflection equal to 1/150 of the spec-imen length, lbf (N)P600= residual load measured in flexural tests as per ASTM C1609/C1609M in correspondence of a midspan net deflection equal to 1/600 of

44、the spec-imen length, lbf (N)Pp= peak load (as from results of flexural tests according to ASTM C1609/C1609M); may coincide with or be higher than P1, kip (kN)T150= area under the load deflection curve obtained from flexural tests as per ASTM C1609/C1609M up to a value of the net deflection equal to

45、 1/150 of the specimen length, in.-lb (J)Vf= fiber volume fraction (generally expressed in percent) = deflection, in. (mm) = angle, deg2.2DefinitionsACI provides a comprehensive list of definitions through an online resource, “ACI Concrete Terminology”, http:/Fig. 1.2Examples of different types of f

46、ibers used in FRC: (a) steel (with hooked ends, flattened ends, corrugated/undu-lated); (b) through (c) synthetic/polymeric microfibers; (d) glass; (e) carbon; and (f) natural; dimension scale where provided is in mm. (Note: 1 in. = 25.4 mm.)American Concrete Institute Copyrighted Material www.concr

47、ete.orgREPORT ON MEASURING MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF HARDENED FIBER-REINFORCED CONCRETE (ACI 544.9R-17) 3www.concrete.orgstoreproductdetails.aspx?ItemID=CT16. Definitions provided herein complement that resource.aspect ratioratio of the length to the diameter of one single fiber or fiber filament. Th

48、e diameter may be the actual or equivalent diameter, defined below.crackcomplete or incomplete separation of concrete in to two or more parts produced by breaking or fracturing.equivalent diameterfor fibers with noncircular cross section, diameter of the equivalent circular cross section having the

49、same area as the fiber cross section.equivalent flexural residual strengthaverage flexural stress measured for an FRC beam based on the toughness, up to a specified deflection (or crack width).fiberslender and elongated solid material, generally with a length of at least 100 times its diameter; four primary types are defined generally by ASTM C1116/C1116M as follows: steel: ASTM A820/A820M; chopped polyolefin strand (synthetic or polymeric): ASTM D7508/D7508M; glass: ASTM C1666/C1666M; and cellulose/natural: ASTM D735