ACI 325.9R-2015 Guide for Construction of Concrete Pavements.pdf

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1、Guide for Construction of Concrete PavementsReported by ACI Committee 325ACI 325.9R-15First PrintingAugust 2015ISBN: 978-1-942727-31-6Guide for Construction of Concrete PavementsCopyright by the American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI. All rights reserved. This material may not be reproduc

2、ed or copied, in whole or part, in any printed, mechanical, electronic, film, or other distribution and storage media, without the written consent of ACI.The technical committees responsible for ACI committee reports and standards strive to avoid ambiguities, omissions, and errors in these documents

3、. In spite of these efforts, the users of ACI documents occasionally find information or requirements that may be subject to more than one interpretation or may be incomplete or incorrect. Users who have suggestions for the improvement of ACI documents are requested to contact ACI via the errata web

4、site at http:/concrete.org/Publications/DocumentErrata.aspx. Proper use of this document includes periodically checking for errata for the most up-to-date revisions.ACI committee documents are intended for the use of individuals who are competent to evaluate the significance and limitations of its c

5、ontent and recommendations and who will accept responsibility for the application of the material it contains. Individuals who use this publication in any way assume all risk and accept total responsibility for the application and use of this information.All information in this publication is provid

6、ed “as is” without warranty of any kind, either express or implied, including but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose or non-infringement.ACI and its members disclaim liability for damages of any kind, including any special, indirect, incidenta

7、l, or consequential damages, including without limitation, lost revenues or lost profits, which may result from the use of this publication.It is the responsibility of the user of this document to establish health and safety practices appropriate to the specific circumstances involved with its use.

8、ACI does not make any representations with regard to health and safety issues and the use of this document. The user must determine the applicability of all regulatory limitations before applying the document and must comply with all applicable laws and regulations, including but not limited to, Uni

9、ted States Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) health and safety standards.Participation by governmental representatives in the work of the American Concrete Institute and in the development of Institute standards does not constitute governmental endorsement of ACI or the standards

10、that it develops.Order information: ACI documents are available in print, by download, on CD-ROM, through electronic subscription, or reprint and may be obtained by contacting ACI.Most ACI standards and committee reports are gathered together in the annually revised ACI Manual of Concrete Practice (

11、MCP).American Concrete Institute38800 Country Club DriveFarmington Hills, MI 48331Phone: +1.248.848.3700Fax: +1.248.848.3701www.concrete.orgThe primary focus of this guide is pavement construction. Modern slipform paving techniques and time-proven formed construction procedures are highlighted. Qual

12、ity control, quality assurance, and construction inspection, as well as the environmental, economic, and societal benefits of concrete pavement, are also presented.This guide briefly reviews all aspects of concrete pavement construction for highways and, to some extent, local roads, streets, and air

13、fields. Intended for field and office personnel, this guide provides a background on design issues that relate to construction and reviews material selection.Note that the materials, processes, quality control measures, and inspections described in this guide should be tested, monitored, or performe

14、d as applicable only by individuals holding the appro-priate ACI certifications or equivalent.Keywords: concrete pavement; concrete pavement construction; concrete paving; fixed-form paving; paving materials; slipform paving; sustainability.CONTENTSCHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE, p. 21.1Introductio

15、n, p. 21.2Scope, p. 2CHAPTER 2ACRONYMS AND DEFINITIONS, p. 22.1Acronyms, p. 22.2Definitions, p. 3CHAPTER 3DESIGN ISSUES RELATING TO CONSTRUCTION, p. 33.1Introduction, p. 33.2Design principles, p. 33.3Current design procedures, p. 43.4Critical design inputs for construction, p. 43.5Pavement design co

16、nsiderations, p. 93.6City streets, p. 103.7Drainage issues, p. 12CHAPTER 4MATERIAL SELECTION, p. 124.1Introduction, p. 124.2Foundation materials, p. 124.3Pavement concrete materials, p. 134.4Reinforcement, dowels, and tie bars, p. 264.5Joint sealants and fillers, p. 274.6Curing materials, p. 27David

17、 W. Pittman, ChairACI 325.9R-15Guide for Construction of Concrete PavementsReported by ACI Committee 325David J. AkersRichard O. AlbrightWilliam L. ArentJamshid M. ArmaghaniBob J. BankaDonald L. BrognaNeeraj J. BuchArchie F. CarterTim CostJuan Pablo CovarrubiasMohamed Nasser DarwishNorbert J. Delatt

18、eW. Charles GreerJerry A. HollandMark K. KalerGary L. MitchellPaul E. MuellerJon I. MullarkyKamran M. NematiKelly NixNigel K. ParkesSteven A. RaganDavid Newton RichardsonJohn W. RobertsJack A. ScottSanjaya P. SenadheeraKieran G. SharpTerry W. ShermanAlex Hak-Chul ShinKurt D. SmithTim James SmithAnth

19、ony M. SorcicShiraz D. TayabjiSamuel S. TysonSuneel N. VanikarDon J. WadeW. James WildeGergis W. WilliamJames M. WillsonDan G. ZollingerConsulting MembersMichael I. DarterStarr D. Kohn*John L. RiceRaymond S. Rollings*DeceasedACI Committee Reports, Guides, and Commentaries are intended for guidance i

20、n planning, designing, executing, and inspecting construction. This document is intended for the use of individuals who are competent to evaluate the significance and limitations of its content and recommendations and who will accept responsibility for the application of the material it contains. Th

21、e American Concrete Institute disclaims any and all responsibility for the stated principles. The Institute shall not be liable for any loss or damage arising therefrom.Reference to this document shall not be made in contract documents. If items found in this document are desired by the Architect/En

22、gineer to be a part of the contract documents, they shall be restated in mandatory language for incorporation by the Architect/Engineer.ACI 325.9R-15 supersedes ACI 325.9R-91 and was adopted and published August 2015.Copyright 2015, American Concrete Institute.All rights reserved including rights of

23、 reproduction and use in any form or by any means, including the making of copies by any photo process, or by electronic or mechanical device, printed, written, or oral, or recording for sound or visual reproduc-tion or for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission in wri

24、ting is obtained from the copyright proprietors.1CHAPTER 5CONSTRUCTION, p. 275.1Foundation preparation, p. 275.2Production, placing, consolidation, and finishing concrete pavement, p. 285.3Curing and enhancing characteristics of concrete, p. 315.4Installation of joints and reinforcement, p. 325.5Dow

25、els and tie bars, p. 355.6Placing embedded reinforcement, p. 365.7Texturing, p. 375.8Tolerances, p. 435.9Extreme weather conditions, p. 455.10Opening to traffic, p. 455.11Quality control/quality assurance, p. 465.12Construction inspection, p. 50CHAPTER 6SUSTAINABILITY, p. 526.1Introduction, p. 526.2

26、Sustainable concrete pavements, p. 526.3Societal benefits of concrete pavement, p. 536.4Environmental benefits of concrete pavement, p. 536.5Economic benefits of concrete pavement, p. 556.6Conclusion, p. 55CHAPTER 7REFERENCES, p. 55Authored documents, p. 58CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE1.1Introduct

27、ionIn the United States, concrete pavements have been built for over a century. The first street constructed with concrete was built in Bellefontaine, OH, in 1891; a portion of which, built in 1893, still remains in service. Concrete pave-ments make up an integral part of the national primary and se

28、condary highway system, farm-to-market road system, city streets, parking lots, and airport runways. Historically, concrete pavements have exhibited a higher initial cost than asphalt pavements, but recent construction and market forces have narrowed that gap. Moreover, the longer service life and l

29、ower maintenance costs associated with concrete make it a very attractive and sustainable paving material.1.2ScopeThis guide briefly discusses the construction of hydraulic cement concrete pavements for highways, streets, local roads, and airfields. Design issues are presented in the context of thei

30、r impact on construction. Today, the slipform method of paving is preferred for roadway construction. This modern construction method is capable of producing a sustainable, high-quality, smooth pavement that can be placed quickly and economically. This guide will focus on pavement constructed using

31、slipform methods; however, where appropriate, formed pavement construction practices are also discussed.This guide is intended to serve as a reference for field project management, inspectors, and construction personnel by providing background information, illustrations of best practice, and informa

32、tion helpful in solving day-to-day jobsite problems. Designers and specification writers will also find the guide helpful in preparing contract documents and selecting construction methods that assure quality construction under normal jobsite conditions using estab-lished and proven practices. Regar

33、dless of the type of equip-ment used, quality construction depends, in large measure, on the skill of crews involved in the construction process and quality of materials used.CHAPTER 2ACRONYMS AND DEFINITIONS2.1AcronymsAAR: alkali-aggregate reactivityABS: anti-lock braking systemACR: alkali-carbonat

34、e reactivityADTT: average daily truck trafficASR: alkali-silica reactionATB: asphalt-treated baseBPN: British Pendulum NumberBPT: British Pendulum TesterCBR: California bearing ratioCOTE: coefficient of thermal expansionCPX: close proximityCRCP: Continuously reinforced concrete pavementCT meter: cir

35、cular texture meterCTB: cement-treated baseCTE: coefficient of thermal expansionDF tester: dynamic friction testerEAC: exposed aggregate concreteEICM: Enhanced Integrated Climatic ModelEOT: early-opening-to-trafficFN: friction numberFWD: falling weight deflectometerGPR: ground-penetrating radarHPC:

36、high-performance concreteHRWR: high-range water reducersHRWRA: high-range water-reducing admixtureIFI: international friction indexIRI: international roughness indexJPCP: jointed plain concrete pavementJRCP: jointed reinforced concrete pavementLCA: life cycle assessmentLCB: lean concrete baseLOI: lo

37、ss on ignitionLTE: load transfer efficiencyLWAS: lightweight aggregate sandM-E: mechanistic-empiricalMIT: magnetic imaging tomographyMOR: modulus of ruptureMPD: mean profile depthMTD: mean texture depthNCHRP: National Cooperative Highway Research ProgramNDT: nondestructive testingNGCS: next-generati

38、on concrete surfaceOBSI: On-board sound intensityPCC: portland cement concretePI: plasticity indexQA: quality assuranceAmerican Concrete Institute Copyrighted Material www.concrete.org2 GUIDE FOR CONSTRUCTION OF CONCRETE PAVEMENTS (ACI 325.9R-15)QC: quality controlR-value: resistance valueSE: sand e

39、quivalentSN: skid numberSPL: sound pressure levelSSD: saturated surface-dryVPD: vehicles per dayVPM: vibrations per minute2.2DefinitionsACI provides a comprehensive list of definitions though an online resource, “ACI Concrete Terminology,” http:/www.concrete.org/store/productdetail.aspx?ItemID=CT13.

40、 Definitions provided herein complement that resource.dowelmechanical devices (such as bars or plates) placed across a joint to transfer vertical load while allowing the joint to open and close.drainageinterception and removal of water from, on, or under an area or roadway.equivalent single-axle loa

41、ds (ESAL)number of equiv-alent 80 kN (18 kip) single-axle loads used to combine mixed traffic into a single design traffic parameter for thick-ness design according to the methodology described in the AASHTO design guide (AASHTO 1993).falling weight deflectometerdevice in which electronic sensors me

42、asure the deflection of the pavement as a result of an impact load of known magnitude; results can be used to estimate the elastic moduli of subgrade and pavement layers and the load transfer across joints and cracks.internal curinga method to supply water throughout a freshly placed cementitious mi

43、xture using reservoirs, via prewetted lightweight aggregates, that readily release water as needed for hydration or to replace moisture lost through evaporation or self-desiccation.jointed plain concrete pavementhydraulic cement concrete pavement system characterized by short joint spacing and no di

44、stributed reinforcing steel in the slab, with or without dowels.jointed reinforced concrete pavementshydraulic cement concrete pavement system containing dowels, char-acterized by long joint spacing and distributed reinforcing steel in the slab to control crack widths.load transfer devicemechanical

45、means designed to transfer wheel loads across a joint.pavement structurecombination of subbase, base, rigid slab, and other layers designed to work together to provide uniform, lasting support for imposed traffic loads and distribution of loads to subgrade.pavement surface frictionthe retarding forc

46、e devel -oped at the tire-pavement interface that resists longitudinal sliding when braking forces are applied to the vehicle tires (Dahir and Gramling 1990; AASHTO 2008b).shoulderportion of the roadway contiguous and parallel with the traveled way provided to accommodate stopped or errant vehicles

47、for maintenance or emergency use, or to give lateral support to the subbase and some edge support to the pavement, and to aid surface drainage and moisture control of the underlying material.soil support valueindex characterizing the relative ability of a soil or aggregate mixture to support traffic

48、 loads imposed through flexible and rigid pavement structures.stabilizationthe modification of soil or aggregate layers by incorporating materials that will increase load-bearing capacity, stiffness, and resistance to weathering or displace-ment, and decrease swell potential.CHAPTER 3DESIGN ISSUES R

49、ELATING TO CONSTRUCTION3.1IntroductionThe overall goal of pavement design is to create a struc-ture that is reliable, economical, constructible, and maintain-able throughout its design life while meeting or exceeding the needs of the traveling public, taxpayers, and owning agencies (FHWA 2012). In general, the pavement structure should be able to support the expected level of traffic and resist weathering until the next scheduled rehabilitation or reconstruction.3.2Design principles3.2.1 IntroductionDesign and construct