API RP 2028-2002 Flame Arresters in Piping Systems (Third Edition)《管道系统中的火焰消除装置》.pdf

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1、Flame Arresters in Piping SystemsAPI RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 2028THIRD EDITION, FEBRUARY 2002REAFFIRMED, DECEMBER 2010Flame Arresters in Piping SystemsDownstream SegmentAPI RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 2028THIRD EDITION, FEBRUARY 2002REAFFIRMED, DECEMBER 2010SPECIAL NOTESAPI publications necessarily address pr

2、oblems of a general nature. With respect to partic-ular circumstances, local, state, and federal laws and regulations should be reviewed.API is not undertaking to meet the duties of employers, manufacturers, or suppliers towarn and properly train and equip their employees, and others exposed, concer

3、ning healthand safety risks and precautions, nor undertaking their obligations under local, state, or fed-eral laws.Information concerning safety and health risks and proper precautions with respect to par-ticular materials and conditions should be obtained from the employer, the manufacturer orsupp

4、lier of that material, or the material safety data sheet.Nothing contained in any API publication is to be construed as granting any right, byimplication or otherwise, for the manufacture, sale, or use of any method, apparatus, or prod-uct covered by letters patent. Neither should anything contained

5、 in the publication be con-strued as insuring anyone against liability for infringement of letters patent.Generally, API standards are reviewed and revised, reafrmed, or withdrawn at least everyve years. Sometimes a one-time extension of up to two years will be added to this reviewcycle. This public

6、ation will no longer be in effect ve years after its publication date as anoperative API standard or, where an extension has been granted, upon republication. Statusof the publication can be ascertained from the API Standards Department telephone (202)682-8000. A catalog of API publications and mate

7、rials is published annually and updatedquarterly by API, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005.This document was produced under API standardization procedures that ensure appropri-ate notication and participation in the developmental process and is designated as an APIstandard. Questions conce

8、rning the interpretation of the content of this standard or com-ments and questions concerning the procedures under which this standard was developedshould be directed in writing to the API Standards Department, American Petroleum Insti-tute, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005. Requests for

9、 permission to reproduce ortranslate all or any part of the material published herein should also be addressed to the gen-eral manager.API standards are published to facilitate the broad availability of proven, sound engineer-ing and operating practices. These standards are not intended to obviate t

10、he need for apply-ing sound engineering judgment regarding when and where these standards should beutilized. The formulation and publication of API standards is not intended in any way toinhibit anyone from using any other practices.Any manufacturer marking equipment or materials in conformance with

11、 the markingrequirements of an API standard is solely responsible for complying with all the applicablerequirements of that standard. API does not represent, warrant, or guarantee that such prod-ucts do in fact conform to the applicable API standard.All rights reserved. No part of this work may be r

12、eproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Contact the Publisher, API Publishing Services, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005.Copyright 2002 America

13、n Petroleum InstituteFOREWORDThis recommended practice was prepared under the direction of the API Safety and FireProtection Subcommittee. This third edition of API 2028 Flame Arresters in Piping Systemshas been extensively rewritten and updated from the previous edition. Appendices to the doc-ument

14、 are intended to provide additional supplementary information.This guide was prepared to help provide a basic understanding of ame arresters used inpiping systems. The information presented is based primarily upon experience in the petro-leum industry. It is not intended to exclude or limit the use

15、of other approaches of compara-ble merit. Because of the special nature of ame arresters, especially those used fordetonation protection, this recommended practice strongly encourages dialogue with theequipment supplier and the use of sound engineering judgement in ame arrester selectionand applicat

16、ion. iiiCONTENTSPage1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.1 Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2 Scope. . . . . . . . .

17、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.3 Concept of Hazard vs. Risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.4 Retroactivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

18、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 REFERENCED PUBLICATIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 DEFINITIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 COMBUSTION AND F

19、LAME PROPAGATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.2 Combustion Rates and MESG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20、 . . . . . . 34.3 Deagration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.4 Detonation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 FLAME ARRESTER FUNCTION AND CONCE

21、RNS FOR USEIN PIPING SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45.1 Flame Arrester Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45.2 Pressure Concerns and Maintenance . . . . . . .

22、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45.3 Potential Effects of Installation Geometry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.4 Flame Arresters Not Using Metal Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.5 Pyrophoric Iron Sulde Con

23、cerns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65.6 Unilateral and Bilateral Flame Arresters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 LIMITATIONS OF FLAME ARRESTERS ON TANK VENTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 FLAME ARRESTER TESTING AND

24、 CERTIFICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77.2 Deagration and Detonation Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77.3

25、Flame Retention Testing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77.4 Signicance of MESG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77.5 Use of Established Test Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

26、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 SUMMARY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7APPENDIX A BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9APPENDIX B GASES OR

27、 VAPORS WITH A MAXIMUM EXPERIMENTAL SAFE GAP (MESG) 0.90 mm typical hydrocarbons and alcohols for comparison (Reported values above 0.90 are in parentheses)Gas or Vapor MESG (mm)Hydrogen 0.102HYDROCARBONSAcetylene 0.025Ethylene 0.711,3-Butadiene 0.792-Butene (isomer not stated) 0.89Ethylene 0.65Meth

28、ane (1.170)Propane (0.965)Hexane (0.965)Benzene (0.99)Cyclohexane (0.94)Isooctane (1.040)CHEMICALS PROCESSED IN SOME PETROLEUM FACILITIESHydrogen Sulde 0.89Ethyl Alcohol (Ethanol) 0.89Carbon Monoxide 0.84Carbon Disulphide 0.20Ethyl Alcohol (1.016)Methyl Alcohol (0.915)OTHER CHEMICALSAcrolein (Acryl

29、Aldehyde) 0.72Acrylic Acid 0.86Acrylonitrile 0.87Allyl Alcohol 0.84Allyl 2,3-Epoxypropyl Ether 0.70Blue Water Gas (52% H2, 47% CO) 0.203Butanone 0.843-Buten-3-olide 0.84Butyl Acrylate 0.88Butyl 2,3- Epoxypropyl Ether 0.78Butyl Glycolate 0.881-Butyne 0.71Carbon Disulphide 0.201-Choloro-2, 3-Epoxyprop

30、ane 0.74Coal Gas (57% H2) 0.482Crotonaldehyde 0.81Dibutyl Ether 0.88Di-tert-Butyl Peroxide 0.84Dichlorodiethylsilane 0.451,2-Diethoxyethane (Diethyl Glycol) 0.81Diethyl Carbonate 0.83Diethyl Ether (Ethyl Ether) 0.86412 API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 20281,2-Dimethoxyethane(Ethylene Glycol Dimethyl Ether)0

31、.72Dimethyoxymethane (Methylal) 0.86Dimethyl Ether (Methyl Ether) 0.841,1-Dimethylhydazine 0.85p-Dioxane (Diethylene Dioxide) 0.701,2-Epoxypropene 0.702-Ethoxyethanol(Ethylene Glycol Monoethyl Ether)0.84Ethyl Acrylate 0.86Ethyl Nitrate 0.025Ethylene Oxide 0.592-Ethylhexyl Acetate 0.88Ethyl Propylacr

32、olein (isomer not stated) 0.86Formaldehyde 0.572-Furaldehyde (Furfural) 0.88Furan 0.68Furfuryl Alcohol 0.80Hydrogen Cyanide 0.802-Methoxyethanol 0.85Methyl Acetoacetate 0.85Methyl Acrylate 0.85Methylene Cyclobutane 0.764-Methylene Tetrahydropyran 0.892-Methyl-1-buten-3-yne 0.782-Methylpent-2-enal 0.

33、84A-Methylstyrene 0.88Nitroethane 0.871-Nitropropane 0.84Paraformaldehyde 0.57Phenylacetylene 0.861-Propanol (Propyl Alcohol) 0.89Propionicaldehyde 0.86Propylene Oxide 0.70Prop-2-yn-1-ol 0.58Tetrauoroethylene 0.60Tetrahydrofuran 0.87Tetrahydrofurfyryl Alcohol 0.85Town Gas (57% H2, 16% CO) 0.531,3,5-

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