API PUBL 422-1994 Groundwater Protection Programs for Petroleum Refining and Storage Facilities A Guidance Document (First Edition)《石油炼制及仓储设施地下水保护方案 指导性文件》.pdf

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1、 API PUBLa422 94 0732270 0539122 T25 Groundwater Protection Programs For Petroleum Refining and Storage Facilities: A Guidance Document API PUBLICATION 422 FIRST EDITION, OCTOBER 1994 - Strategies for io1 - day 5 Environmental Partnership American Petroleum Institute 1220 L Street, Northwest 11 Wash

2、ington, D.C. 20005 API PUBL*:422 94 = 0732290 0539323 961 STEP One of the most significant long-term trends affecting the future vitality of the petroleum industry is the publics concerns about the environment. Recognizing this trend, APT mem- ber companies have developed a positive, forward looking

3、 strategy called STEP: Strategies for Todays Environmental Partnership. This program aims to address public concerns by improving industrys environmental, health and safety performance; documenting perfor- mance improvements; and communicating them to the public. The foundation of STEP is the API En

4、vironmental Mission and Guiding Environmental Principles. API standards, by promoting the use of sound engineering and operational practices, are an important means of implementing APIs STEP program. API ENVIRONMENTAL MISSION AND GUIDING ENVIRONMENTAL PRINCIPLES The members of the American Petroleum

5、 Institute are dedicated to continuous efforts to improve the compatibility of our operations with the environment while economically de- veloping energy resources and supplying high quality products and services to consumers. The members recognize the importance of efficiently meeting societys need

6、s and our re- sponsibility to work with the public, the government, and others to develop and to use nat- ural resources in an environmentally sound manner while protecting the health and safety of our employees and the public. To meet these responsibilities, API members pledge to manage our busines

7、ses according to these principles: To recognize and to respond to community concerns about our raw materials, products and operations. To operate our plants and facilities, and to handle our raw materials and products in a manner that protects the environment, and the safety and health of our employ

8、ees and the public. To make safety, health and environmental considerations a priority in our planning, and our development of new products and processes. To advise promptly appropriate officiais, employees, customers and the public of infor- mation on significant industry-related safety, health and

9、 environmental hazards, and to recommend protective measures. To counsel customers, transporters and others in the safe use, transportation and disposal of our raw materials, products and waste materials. To economically develop and produce natural resources and to conserve those resources by using

10、energy efficiently. To extend knowledge by conducting or supporting research on the safety, health and en- vironmental effects of our raw materials, products, processes and waste materials. To commit to reduce overall emissions and waste generation. To work with others to resolve problems created by

11、 handling and disposal of hazardous substances from our operations. To participate with government and others in creating responsible laws, regulations and standards to safeguard the community, workplace and environment. To promote these principles and practices by sharing experiences and offering a

12、ssistance to others who produce, handle, use, transport or dispose of similar raw materials, petro- leum products and wastes. API PUBLx422 74 m 0732290 0539324 8T8 Groundwater Protection Programs For Petroleum Refining and Storage Facilities: A Guidance Document Manufacturing, Distribution and Marke

13、ting Department API PUBLICATION 422 FIRST EDITION, OCTOBER 1994 American Petroieu m Institute - API PUBLU422 94 0732290 0539325 73q SPECIAL NOTES 1. API PUBLICATIONS NECESSARILY ADDRESS PROBLEMS OF A GENERAL NATURE. WITH RESPECT TO PARTICULAR CIRCUMSTANCES, LOCAL, STATE, AND FEDERAL LAWS AND REGULAT

14、IONS SHOULD BE REVIEWED. 2. API IS NOT UNDERTAKING TO MEET THE DUTIES OF EMPLOYERS, MANU- FACTURERS, OR SUPPLIERS TO WARN AND PROPERLY TRAIN AND EQUIP THEIR EMPLOYEES, AND OTHERS EXPOSED, CONCERNING HEALTH AND SAFETY RISKS AND PRECAUTIONS, NOR UNDERTAKING THEIR OBLIGATIONS UNDER LOCAL, STATE, OR FED

15、ERAL LAWS. 3. INFORMATION CONCERNING SAFETY AND HEALTH RISKS AND PROPER TIONS SHOULD BE OBTAINED FROM THE EMPLOYER, THE MANUFACTURER OR SUPPLIER OF THAT MATERIAL, OR THE MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET. 4. NOTHING CONTAINED IN ANY API PUBLICATION IS TO BE CONSTRUED AS PRECAUTIONS WITH RESPECT TO PARTICUL

16、AR MATERIALS AND CONDI- GRANTING ANY RIGHT, BY IMPLICATION OR OTHERWISE, FOR THE MANU- FACTURE, SALE, OR USE OF ANY METHOD, APPARATUS, OR PRODUCT COV- ERED BY LETTERS PATENT. NEITHER SHOULD ANYTHING CONTAINED IN ITY FOR INFRINGEMENT OF LETTERS PATENT. THE PUBLICATION BE CONSTRUED AS INSURING ANYONE

17、AGAINST LIABIL- 5. GENERALLY, API STANDARDS ARE REVIEWED AND REVISED, REAF- FIRMED, OR WITHDRAWN AT LEAST EVERY FIVE YEARS. SOMETIMES A ONE- TIME EXTENSION OF UP TO TWO YEARS WILL BE ADDED TO THIS REVIEW TER ITS PUBLICATION DATE AS AN OPERATIVE API STANDARD OR, WHERE AN EXTENSION HAS BEEN GRANTED, U

18、PON REPUBLICATION. STATUS OF THE PUBLICATION CAN BE ASCERTAINED FROM THE API AUTHORING DEPART- MATERIALS IS PUBLISHED ANNUALLY AND UPDATED QUARTERLY BY API, 1220 L STREET, N.W., WASHINGTON, D.C. 20005. CYCLE. THIS PUBLICATION WILL NO LONGER BE IN EFFECT FIVE YEARS AF- MENT TELEPHONE (202) 682-8000.

19、A CATALOG OF API PUBLICATIONS AND Copyright O 1994 American Petroleum Institute API PUBL*422 94 = 0732290 0537126 670 W FOREWORD API publications may be used by anyone desiring to do so. Every effort has been made by the Institute to assure the accuracy and reliability of the data contained in them;

20、 how- ever, the Institute makes no representation, warranty, or guarantee in connection with this publication and hereby expressly disclaims any liability or responsibility for loss or dam- age resulting from its use or for the violation of any federal, state, or municipal regula- tion with which th

21、is publication may conflict. Suggested revisions are invited and should be submitted to the director of the Manufac- turing, Distribution and Marketing Department, American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005. iii API PUBL*422 94 0732290 0539327 507 CONTENTS SECTION 1 -G

22、ENERAL 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Purpose . 1.3 Scope . 1.4 Referenced Publications SECTION 2-SITE ASSESSMENT 2.1 Objectives 2.2 Components of a Site Assessment 2.2.1 Facility Description 2.2.2 History of a Site 2.2.3 Adjacent Facilities . 2.2.4 Topography . 2.2.5 Substances Present . . 2.2.6 Underground

23、Environm . . SECTION 3-IMPLEMENTATION: PREVENTIONDETECTION 3.1 General . 3.2 Design and Construction Measures . 3.2.1 Location 3.2.2 Design Standards 3.3.1 Personnel . 3.3 Management Measures and Operating Controls . 3.3.2 Facility Plans 3.3.3 Inspections and . 3.3.4 Housekeeping 3.3.5 Training 3.3.

24、6 Recordkeeping 3.3.7 Public Education and Information . 3.4 Additional Materials . SECTION 4 -REMEDIATION/MITIGATION . SECTION 5 -REFERENCE MATERIAL . 5.1 Refining . 5.1.1 Pressure Vessels and Tanks and Materials Engineering . 5.1.2 Refinery Environmental Research . 5.3 Health and Environmental 5.3

25、.1 Soil and Groundwater Research . 5.3.2 Biodegradation Processes . 5.3.3 Contaminant Fate and Transport 5.2 Marketing Operations . . 5.3.4 ExposureRisk Assessment . 5.3.5 Remedial Technologies . 5.4 Policy Analysis and Strategic Planning . . 5.4.2 Strategies for Todays Environmental Partnership (ST

26、EP) 5.3.6 Site Characterization 5.3.7 Storage Tank Research . 5.4.1 Research Studies 5.5 Other Page 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 V API PUBL*422 94 0732270 0539328 443 Groundwater Protection Programs for Petroleum Refining and Storage Fac

27、ilities: A Guidance Document SECTION 1-GENERAL 1.1 Introduction During the 1980s, public concern about groundwater in- creased greatly. Research efforts multiplied, comprehensive analyses and plans were created, and governments at the fed- eral, state, and local levels started new programs to protec

28、t this valuable national resource. The petroleum industry has acted positively to address groundwater protection. At the core of the industrys ground- water initiative is the concept of beneficial use. This is the principle that all groundwater protection plans should be de- veloped in full consider

29、ation of the beneficial use, value, and vulnerability of the groundwater resource, combined with full consideration of the economic and social values and of the practical technological and cost limitations. In 1992, the American Petroleum Institute adopted, as part of its Strategies for Todays Envir

30、onmental Partnership or STEP program, a plan to help guide the industrys actions on groundwater. The purpose of this effort was to help “STEP participants” or “API members” perform the following ob- jectives: a. Assess the potential impacts on groundwater from petro- leum industry operations and fac

31、ilities. b. Incorporate design and engineering protections into new and renovated facilities. c. Develop operating and personnel training practices that foster protection of groundwater. d. Undertake timely response, as appropriate, when contam- ination is discovered. e. Conduct research on groundwa

32、ter protection. f. Promote mutual understanding among the industry, the public, and the government. 1.2 Purpose The purpose of this document is to provide additional guidance for API members to meet the objectives stated above. These guidelines are intended to help refineries, ter- minals associated

33、 with transportation pipelines, product distribution terminals, and other downstream petroleum stor- age units develop groundwater protection plans that are tai- lored to the individual circumstances of particular facilities. They are also intended to help the general public by provid- ing informati

34、on on what petroleum facilities are doing and how they are planning to enhance groundwater protection. 1.3 Scope This new publication is designed to help petroleum facil- ities identify the types of issues that may need to be ad- dressed in a groundwater protection plan. This document provides only

35、general guidelines and is not intended as a comprehensive checklist or standard. API recognizes that each facility is unique. Many facilities have groundwater protection and remediation plans that suit their own circum- stances but which may not address every issue covered in these guidelines, conse

36、quently, a plan may still be appropri- ate under facility-specific circumstances. For those facilities, this document may serve as a useful tool to review and eval- uate their existing plans to ensure their currency. Other facil- ities may have extensive engineering controls and operating practices

37、already in place. For those, this document may pro- vide a useful framework for integrating existing company practices into a comprehensive site-specific groundwater protection plan. This document emphasizes the same areas that constitute the cornerstones of the groundwater protection plans imple- m

38、ented by individual API members. Those groundwater pro- tection plans are based on the following elements: a. Assessment of the specific site to identify potential threats to groundwater. b. Prevention of releases from existing facilities. c. Detection of any releases that could occur despite preven

39、- tive efforts. 1.4 Referenced Publications The following publications are cited in this document: API Std 653 Publ 1628 Publ 1629 Std 2610 Publ 4367 Publ 4394 Tank Inspection, Repaic Alteration, Recon- struction A Guide to the Assessment and Remediation of Underground Petroleum Releases Guide for A

40、ssessing and Remediating Petro- leum Hydrocarbons in Soils Design, Construction, Operation, Mainte- nance, and Inspection of Terminal and Tank Facilities Groundwater Monitoring and Sample Bias Detection of Hydrocarbons in Groundwater by Analysis of Shallow Soil GasNapor 1 API PUBLn422 79 = O732290 0

41、537327 38T 2 API PUBLICATION 422 SECTION 2-SITE ASSESSMENT 2.1 Objectives The first objective and initial step in developing a ground- water protection plan is to assess the potential impacts on groundwater from industry operations and facilities. Re- sponse or prevention measures cannot be adopted

42、in the ab- stract; they should be guided by an understanding of the potential impact on groundwater from industry operations at a specific site. The development of a site-specific groundwater protection plan begins with an assessment of the aboveground and be- lowground characteristics of the facili

43、ty. The assessment ob- jectives should be the following: a. To identify the substances present that might adversely af- fect groundwater quality if released. b. To assess the physical facilities and operating procedures for the possibility that the identified substances might be re- leased in the fu

44、ture or might have been released in the past. c. To assess the need to make physical and/or procedural modifications to mitigate risks from contamination if the first and second steps given above indicate the possibility of a significant risk. 2.2 Components of a Site Assessment 2.2.1 FACILITY DESCR

45、IPTION A site assessment normally begins with a description of the facility where the groundwater protection plan is being implemented. The facility description can include a descnp- tion of the following characteristics: a. A map of the site showing the locations and dimensions of the physical faci

46、lities. b. The physical facilities construction and operations. c. The potential for release of specific substances used in the operations. d. The points of particular vulnerability. (For example, any transfer point, where substances are unloaded or moved from one container or process to another, pr

47、esents a potential for spills.) e. Any containers that cannot be readily inspected, such as an underground storage tank. f. The waste handling facilities. g. Any storm sewers, ditches, sumps, dry wells, tank water draw facilities and similar locations. These are such familiar sights they can easily

48、be overlooked. 2.2.2 HISTORY OF A SITE An understanding of the sites history may be important to a full site assessment. The facility may have processed or stored substances in the past that are not present today. Similarly, the physical configuration of a plant may have changed over the years. Port

49、ions of a site that are grass or blacktop today may have once been the locations of storage tanks, piping, ditches, loading racks, or other operations. Again, the assessor may need to be aware of this history to understand and assess the site. There are numerous ways to learn about the history of a site. Old building permits and construction plans are useful, as well as old aerial photographs. Other sources are former owners and employees, longtime residents of the area, and the local police and fire departments. 2.2.3 ADJACENT FACILITIES A