API PUBL 2026-1998 Safe Access Egress Involving Floating Roofs of Storage Tanks in Petroleum Service (Second Edition)《安全进出石油储罐的浮顶.第2版》.pdf

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1、 Safe Access/Egress Involving Floating Roofs of Storage Tanks in Petroleum ServiceAPI PUBLICATION 2026SECOND EDITION, APRIL 1998API ENVIRONMENTAL, HEALTH AND SAFETY MISSIONAND GUIDING PRINCIPLESThe members of the American Petroleum Institute are dedicated to continuous efforts toimprove the compatib

2、ility of our operations with the environment while economicallydeveloping energy resources and supplying high quality products and services to consum-ers. We recognize our responsibility to work with the public, the government, and others todevelop and to use natural resources in an environmentally

3、sound manner while protectingthe health and safety of our employees and the public. To meet these responsibilities, APImembers pledge to manage our businesses according to the following principles usingsound science to prioritize risks and to implement cost-effective management practices:lTo recogni

4、ze and to respond to community concerns about our raw materials, prod-ucts and operations.lTo operate our plants and facilities, and to handle our raw materials and products in amanner that protects the environment, and the safety and health of our employeesand the public.lTo make safety, health and

5、 environmental considerations a priority in our planning,and our development of new products and processes.lTo advise promptly, appropriate officials, employees, customers and the public ofinformation on significant industry-related safety, health and environmental hazards,and to recommend protectiv

6、e measures.lTo counsel customers, transporters and others in the safe use, transportation and dis-posal of our raw materials, products and waste materials.lTo economically develop and produce natural resources and to conserve thoseresources by using energy efficiently.lTo extend knowledge by conduct

7、ing or supporting research on the safety, health andenvironmental effects of our raw materials, products, processes and waste materials.lTo commit to reduce overall emissions and waste generation.lTo work with others to resolve problems created by handling and disposal of hazard-ous substances from

8、our operations.lTo participate with government and others in creating responsible laws, regulationsand standards to safeguard the community, workplace and environment.lTo promote these principles and practices by sharing experiences and offering assis-tance to others who produce, handle, use, transp

9、ort or dispose of similar raw materi-als, petroleum products and wastes.Safe Access/Egress InvolvingFloating Roofs of Storage Tanks in Petroleum ServiceHealth and Environmental Affairs DepartmentSafety and Fire Protection SubcommitteeAPI PUBLICATION 2026SECOND EDITION, APRIL 1998SPECIAL NOTESAPI pub

10、lications necessarily address problems of a general nature. With respect to partic-ular circumstances, local, state, and federal laws and regulations should be reviewed.API is not undertaking to meet the duties of employers, manufacturers, or suppliers towarn and properly train and equip their emplo

11、yees, and others exposed, concerning healthand safety risks and precautions, nor undertaking their obligations under local, state, or fed-eral laws.Information concerning safety and health risks and proper precautions with respect to par-ticular materials and conditions should be obtained from the e

12、mployer, the manufacturer orsupplier of that material, or the material safety data sheet.Nothing contained in any API publication is to be construed as granting any right, byimplication or otherwise, for the manufacture, sale, or use of any method, apparatus, or prod-uct covered by letters patent. N

13、either should anything contained in the publication be con-strued as insuring anyone against liability for infringement of letters patent.Generally, API standards are reviewed and revised, reaffirmed, or withdrawn at least everyfive years. Sometimes a one-time extension of up to two years will be ad

14、ded to this reviewcycle. This publication will no longer be in effect five years after its publication date as anoperative API standard or, where an extension has been granted, upon republication. Statusof the publication can be ascertained from the API Health and Environmental Affairs Depart-ment t

15、elephone (202) 682-8000. A catalog of API publications and materials is publishedannually and updated quarterly by API, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005.This document was produced under API standardization procedures that ensure appropri-ate notification and participation in the developme

16、ntal process and is designated as an APIstandard. Questions concerning the interpretation of the content of this standard or com-ments and questions concerning the procedures under which this standard was developedshould be directed in writing to the director of the Health and Environmental Affairs

17、Depart-ment, American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005.Requests for permission to reproduce or translate all or any part of the material publishedherein should also be addressed to the director.API standards are published to facilitate the broad availability of proven

18、, sound engineer-ing and operating practices. These standards are not intended to obviate the need for apply-ing sound engineering judgment regarding when and where these standards should beutilized. The formulation and publication of API standards is not intended in any way toinhibit anyone from us

19、ing any other practices.Any manufacturer marking equipment or materials in conformance with the markingrequirements of an API standard is solely responsible for complying with all the applicablerequirements of that standard. API does not represent, warrant, or guarantee that such prod-ucts do in fac

20、t conform to the applicable API standard.All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Contact the Publisher,

21、API Publishing Services, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005.Copyright 1998 American Petroleum InstituteFOREWORDThis publication is intended to provide information associated with safe access/egressinvolving floating roofs of tanks in petroleum service. This publication includes a discussion

22、of the common hazards associated with these operations and the appropriate precautions forpreventing accidents and injuries.API publications may be used by anyone desiring to do so. Every effort has been made bythe Institute to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the data contained in them; howev

23、er, theInstitute makes no representation, warranty, or guarantee in connection with this publicationand hereby expressly disclaims any liability or responsibility for loss or damage resultingfrom its use or for the violation of any federal, state or municipal regulation with which thispublication ma

24、y conflict.Suggested revisions are invited and should be submitted to the director of the Health andEnvironmental Affairs Department, American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L Street, N.W.,Washington, D.C. 20005.iiiCONTENTSPage1 SCOPE AND OBJECTIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2 Objectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 REFERE

26、NCED PUBLICATIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 DEFINITION OF TERMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 GENERAL PRECAUTIONS FOR DESCENT ONTO FLOATING ROOFS . . . . . . . 44.1 General Co

27、nditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.2 Permit Space Program Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.3 Requirements for Descent onto Floating Roofs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

28、. . . . . . . 45 POTENTIAL HAZARDS ASSOCIATED WITH ENTRY UPONFLOATING ROOFS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.1 General Atmospheric Testing Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.2 Potential Oxy

29、gen Content Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.3 Potential Flammable Vapor Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.4 Potential Toxic Vapor and Gas Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30、. . . . 55.5 Potential Vapor Exposures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65.6 Potential Fire Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65.7 Potential Physical Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . .

31、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 PREPARATION FOR ENTRY UPON FLOATING ROOFS:VENTILATION, TESTING, AND RESCUE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86.1 Ventilation Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

32、. . . . . . . . . . 86.2 Atmospheric Testing Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86.3 Emergency Rescue Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 PROCEDURES FOR DESCENT ONTO OPEN-TOP FLOATING ROOFS . .

33、. . . . 107.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107.2 Preparations Prior to Descent Onto Open-Top Floating Roofs . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107.3 Initial Descent Onto Open-Top Floating Roofs . . . . . . . . . . .

34、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117.4 Working on Open-Top Floating Roofs of Tanks in Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117.5 Permissible Work on Open-Top Floating Roofs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 PROCEDURES FOR DESCENT ONTO INTERNAL AND COVEREDOPEN-TOP FLOATING ROOFS . .

35、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128.2 Preparations Prior to Descent Onto Internal and Covered Open-Top Floating Roofs . . . . .

36、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138.3 Initial Descent Onto Internal and Covered Open-Top Floating Roofs . . . . . . . . 148.4 Working on Internal and Covered Open-Top Floating Roofs of Tanks in Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

37、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148.5 Permissible Work on Internal and Covered Open-Top Floating Roofs . . . . . . . 14vPageFigures1 Open-Top Floating-Roof Tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Internal Floa

38、ting Roof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Umbrella-Roof Tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3vi1Safe Access/Egress Involving Floating Roofs of Storage Tanks in Petrol

39、eum Service 1 Scope and Objectives1.1 SCOPE1.1.1This publication addresses the hazards associatedwith access/egress onto open-top, covered open-top and inter-nal floating roofs of in-service petroleum storage tanks andidentifies some of the most common practices and proceduresfor safely accomplishin

40、g this activity.1.1.2This publication is intended primarily for those per-sons who are required to perform inspection, service, mainte-nance or repair activities that involve descent onto floatingroofs of in-service petroleum tanks. 1.1.3This publication does not cover general consider-ations that a

41、pply to climbing onto petroleum storage tanks andother structures, including, but not limited to: (a) slippery orice-covered stairways and walkways, (b) access during electri-cal storms, and (c) access during emergency conditions (suchas to extinguish a fire or cover exposed product with foam).This

42、publication may not apply to daily or routine tasks oftank gaugers and other personnel involved in non-permit con-fined spaces; however, such persons shall be trained and shallbe made aware of the potential hazards described herein.1.1.4Preparations and precautions for entering petroleumstorage tank

43、s that have been removed from service for clean-ing are covered in API Standard 2015.1.2 OBJECTIVES1.2.1This publication has the following objectives:a. To identify the potentially hazardous conditions associatedwith access/egress onto open-top, covered open-top and inter-nal floating roofs of stora

44、ge tanks while the tanks are inpetroleum service.b. To establish general precautionary measures appropriate toindividual situations.2 Referenced PublicationsThe following documents are referenced in this publication:APIStd 650Welded Steel Tanks for Oil StorageStd 2015Safe Entry and Cleaning of Petro

45、leumStorage TanksPubl 20271Ignition Hazards Involved in AbrasiveBlasting of Atmospheric Storage Tanks inHydrocarbon ServiceNFPA2NFPA 70National Electrical CodeNFPA 325M Fire Hazard Properties of FlammableLiquids, Gases, and Volatile SolidsOSHA3Code of Federal Regulations(OSHA 29 CFR)1910.134Respirat

46、ory Protection Standard1910.146Permit-Required Confined SpacesGeneral Industry Standard1910.1000 Subpart Z,Toxic and Hazardous Substances3 Definition of TermsTerms that are used in this publication are defined in 3.1through 3.17.3.1 air-supplied respiratory protection:A respiratorthat provides a sup

47、ply of safe breathing air from a tank (eithera self-contained breathing apparatus portable tank or an airline supply tank) or from an uncontaminated fresh air supplysource located outside of the work area.3.2 cold work:Work activity that does not produce heat,sparks or other forms of energy sufficie

48、nt to provide an ignitionsource if a vapor air mixture in the flammable range is present.3.3 confined space (as defined by OSHA):A spacethat (a) is large enough and so configured that a worker canbodily enter and perform assigned work, (b) has limited orrestricted means of entry or exit, and (c) is

49、not designed forcontinuous occupancy by workers.a.Permit-required confined space,as defined by OSHA, is aspace which meets the confined space requirements and alsohas one or more of the following characteristics: (1) containsor has the potential to contain a hazardous atmosphere, (2)contains a material with the potential to engulf an entrant, (3)has an internal configuration such that an entrant couldbecome trapped or asphyxiated, or (4) contains any other rec-ognized serious safety or health hazard(s).b.Permit-required confined space program (Permit SpaceProgram)is the facilitys (employe