BS PD CEN TR 16598-2014 Collection of rationales for EN 1176 Requirements《EN 1176基本原理的集合 要求》.pdf

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1、BSI Standards Publication PD CEN/TR 16598:2014 Collection of rationales for EN 1176 RequirementsPD CEN/TR 16598:2014 PUBLISHED DOCUMENT National foreword This Published Document is the UK implementation of CEN/TR 16598:2014. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committe

2、e SW/65, Childrens playground equipment. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. The British Standard

3、s Institution 2014. Published by BSI Standards Limited 2014 ISBN 978 0 580 75581 1 ICS 97.200.40 Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations. This Published Document was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 28 February 2

4、014. Amendments issued since publication Date Text affectedPD CEN/TR 16598:2014TECHNICAL REPORT RAPPORT TECHNIQUE TECHNISCHER BERICHT CEN/TR 16598 February 2014 ICS 97.200.40 English Version Collection of rationales for EN 1176 - Requirements Recueil dexposs des motifs concernant lEN 1176 - Exigence

5、s Sammlung von grundstzlichen berlegungen zur EN 1176 - Anforderungen This Technical Report was approved by CEN on 30 September 2013. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 136. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republ

6、ic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN C

7、OMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2014 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. CEN/TR 16598:2014 EPD CEN

8、/TR 16598:2014 CEN/TR 16598:2014 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword 3 Introduction .4 1 Scope 6 2 Normative references 6 3 Terms and definitions .6 4 Part 1 .6 5 Part 2 19 6 Part 3 22 7 Part 4 24 8 Part 5 27 9 Part 6 33 10 Part 7 37 11 Part 10 40 12 Part 11 44 Bibliography . 45 PD CEN/TR 16598:2014 CEN/TR

9、 16598:2014 (E) 3 Foreword This document (CEN/TR 16598:2014) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 136 “Sports, playground and other recreational facilities and equipment”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this docu

10、ment may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. PD CEN/TR 16598:2014 CEN/TR 16598:2014 (E) 4 Introduction The intention of the safety standard for playground equipment was to avoid situations in which a child,

11、due to his age or ability or stage of development, is unable to comprehend a risk. It was the intention to eliminate traps and risks from which severe harm could occur for the user. In consideration of this, the task group choose the form of a report in which the objective mentions repeatedly that t

12、he aim of the standard is always to protect the child from harm. It has become apparent that users of the standard have sometimes lost sight of this and were just considering dimensions, functionality or spaces and special equipment parts without regard for the safety aim. When considering the compl

13、exity of an equipment and the efforts to provide safety, these efforts should be proportionate to the incidents that take place in real life. Dimensions should not be taken as absolute as juristic and safety treatments are different in relation to the risk of a deviation from the standard. A large n

14、umber of the objectives for the rationales are repeated. This is intentional as it reinforces the safety aim of the standard and prevents the misunderstanding of a rationale when taken in isolation. Working on the rationales for the single paragraphs, it became obvious for the task group that there

15、where parts in the standard which had been discussed very often and deeply (e.g. the damping qualities of surfaces, HIC) and there were other parts that had no or very little discussions (e.g. hard edges at the end of a falling space). Noticing this it was nearly self-evident to have an assessment /

16、 evaluation proposal for all requirements: a) fundamental safety issues: 1) safety installations / regulations have to prevent situations that may cause the death of a user; 2) safety installations / regulations have to prevent situations that may lead to a loss of extremities of a user; 3) safety i

17、nstallations / regulations have to prevent situations that may cause a lifetime disability (blindness, paraplegia); 4) safety installations / regulations have to prevent situations in which a user is not able to free himself out of a trap; b) basic safety issues: 1) safety installations / regulation

18、s should prevent situations which overburden the user according to his age and prevent accidents like bone fractures, bruises, abrasions although these injuries happen in everyday life as well and are accepted by society as things that may happen to a human being; c) standard issues: 1) man-made pla

19、yground equipment is necessary because the city environments dont offer natural play facilities. Therefore, this kind of equipment is meant to advance the development of the child. As there are very different development levels during childhood it means that the equipment has to be engineered in suc

20、h a tricky way that it supports the several stages of development and screens the different age groups. PD CEN/TR 16598:2014 CEN/TR 16598:2014 (E) 5 At least it should be mentioned that the requirements of the standard are just a concern about the effect of an equipment on the user. They do not cons

21、ider the necessity and the social impact of a playground e.g. in areas where children have no natural resources with which they could play. The standard cannot account for the behaviour of children. The ideal is that children should use the play environment as a means of personal development. Howeve

22、r, it is accepted that the behaviour of children cannot be controlled by a technical standard. The best way to deal with this is to adopt a Risk Assessment process, which will allow the behaviour of children to be considered as part of the inspection of the play environment. Risk Assessment has to t

23、ake into account the competence and ability of the potential users of the equipment and the foreseeable risks to those users. It is possible to allow greater challenge and opportunity in play equipment by controlling access to equipment, the control of access has to take in to account the abilities

24、and skills of the user. The standard lists some ways in which access can be controlled. It is not possible to control the way in which parents or carers may influence the use of play equipment, in particular if they allow, encourage or assist children to overcome controls on access imposed by the de

25、signer. The task group did not review the annexes of the different parts of the standard EN 1176; even though these contain wording that can be considered to be hidden requirements. Again, it turns out to be true that there is no overlapping with EN 71-8. PD CEN/TR 16598:2014 CEN/TR 16598:2014 (E) 6

26、 1 Scope This Technical Report is intended to be read in conjunction with EN 1176. The rationales given in this Technical Report describe the main reasons behind the requirements given in EN 1176. The requirements in the standard are the tools (e.g. measures, testing methods etc.) by which the objec

27、tives are intended to be reached. 2 Normative references The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the refere

28、nced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 1176 (all parts), Playground equipment and surfacing 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 objective what is the intention of the clause in the standard 3.2 risk what might happen

29、 to the user if the objective is not achieved 3.3 rationale the reason for making this specific requirement Note 1 to entry: Often you will find rationales in the notes given in the requirements. This is mentioned in the document. 3.4 addendum additional comments as well as remarks 4 Part 1 4.1 Para

30、graph in Standard: 4.1.2 Flammability Objective To avoid burning particularly from those materials which produce flaming droplets of molten material which are difficult to extinguish. Risk In the event of a flash fire there is insufficient time to intervene and protect the user. The outcome of a fir

31、e may be death or disfigurement. Rationale The correct selection of materials to ideally prevent this occurring or allow escape from the equipment. 4.2 Paragraph in Standard: 4.1.3 Timber and associated products Objective protect the user from harm as a result of unforeseen failure of equipment due

32、to decay of wooden parts. PD CEN/TR 16598:2014 CEN/TR 16598:2014 (E) 7 a) wood is a natural material and will decay with time, sufficient attention shall be paid to its design; protection and maintenance to ensure that structures made of wood are safe especially between maintenance cycles; b) wood c

33、an splinter; c) hazards from species and treatment of wood. Risk a) unforeseen failure of equipment; b) puncture injuries, eye injuries; c) allergic reaction, it is considered unlikely that poisoning by ingestion will occur. Rationale a) following the requirements of the standard the possibility of

34、failure of the equipment can be controlled within the maintenance intervals; b) and c) the selection of the wood type can reduce or eliminate this risk. Addendum wood as a natural material will crack as part of the drying process; this does not necessarily present a dangerous situation. 4.3 Paragrap

35、h in Standard: 4.1.4 Metals Objective protect the user from harm as a result of unforeseen failure of equipment due to corrosion of metal parts. Risk injury may occur due to unforeseen failure of metal components. Rationale a) metals, either as a structural component or as an auxiliary component, ca

36、n corrode either due to atmospheric conditions or by electrochemical reaction; sufficient attention shall be paid to its design; protection and maintenance to ensure that structures made of metal are safe, especially between maintenance cycles; b) metals that produce toxic oxidation shall be coated.

37、 4.4 Paragraph in Standard: 4.1.5 Synthetics Objective protect the user from harm as a result of unrecognized failure of equipment due to aging or breaking of synthetic materials. Risk reinforced materials can produce splinters and cuts; static supporting parts may break. Rationale use of coloured g

38、elcoats to indicate wear and maintenance according to intervals given by the manufacturer can prevent the risk. 4.5 Paragraph in Standard: 4.1.6 Dangerous substances Objective protect the user from harm as a result of being exposed to dangerous substances. Risk poisoning by skin contact; poisoning b

39、y mouth contact; chemical burns. PD CEN/TR 16598:2014 CEN/TR 16598:2014 (E) 8 Rationale following the guidelines given in different standards can reduce the risk. 4.6 Paragraph in Standard: 4.2.1 (Design and manufacture) General Objective protect the user groups from excessive demands. Risk false es

40、timation of equipment use. Rationale play always includes risks (see the introduction to the standard). The intended user shall be able to use the equipment according to his mental and physical stage of development without getting in trouble caused by the equipment. Remark the German translation doe

41、s not completely correspond to the English original text. 4.7 Paragraph in Standard: 4.2.2 Structural integrity Objective protect the user from harm as a result of breaking down of the used equipment. Risk severe injuries may occur if a play structure or parts of it collapse during use. Rationale eq

42、uipment designed according to the methods described will be structurally suitable. There may be cases where experience or tradition will ensure the integrity of the equipment. Calculation has to be done under “worst case scenario”. More attention shall be given to single post equipment, as these con

43、structions may fail more easily than equipment based on more than two posts in a line. Corrosion or rotting can make the single post construction break under use. 4.8 Paragraph in Standard: 4.2.3 Accessibility for adults Objective children in dangerous, distressed or panic situations should always h

44、ave the possibility to get help from grown ups. Risk children may become trapped or pass out. Rationale grown ups should be able to help children in dangerous or panic situations. Children should be able to leave an equipment safely when danger occurs. In case of fire help from grown ups and escapin

45、g should be possible. Leaving the equipment shall always be possible. 4.9 Paragraph in Standard: 4.2.4.1 (Protection against falling) Types of protection Objective protect the user from falls in accordance with the competence of the user and the type and height of the equipment. Risk injuries from u

46、ncontrolled falls off the equipment. Rationale falls are one of the main sources for severe injuries. Addendum There are equipment which are accessible for children of all ages (easily accessible - lower risk) and there are equipment which are difficult to access for young children (not easily acces

47、sible higher risk). PD CEN/TR 16598:2014 CEN/TR 16598:2014 (E) 9 4.10 Paragraph in Standard: 4.2.4.2 Handrails Objective provide users with the means of maintaining balance while using the equipment. Risk injuries caused by falling due losing hold caused by losing balance. Rationale falls are one of

48、 the main sources for severe injuries. Offering a grasp position helps to keep balance. Addendum the difference between grip and grasp means: The grip position (closed fist) can support the body even when the user is in a hanging position, the grasp position (thumb not in contact with the other fing

49、ers) is more likely to secure balance. 600 mm comes from the anthropometrical data (centre of gravity). 4.11 Paragraph in Standard: 4.2.4.3 Guardrails Objective protect users form falling off lower platforms. Risk injuries caused by falling off the equipment; falling underneath or over a guardrail. Rationale falls are one of the main sources for severe injuries. Provide a range of dimensions in which guardrails reduce the risk from falling off not easily accessible lower platforms. 4.12 Paragraph in Standard: 4.2.4.4 Barriers Objective protect users from falling off high