BS PD CEN TR 13910-2010 Packaging — Report on criteria and methodologies for life cycle analysis of packaging《包装材料 包装材料寿命周期分析标准和方法学报告》.pdf

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1、raising standards worldwide NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW BSI Standards Publication PD CEN/TR 13910:2010 Packaging Report on criteria and methodologies for life cycle analysis of packagingPD CEN/TR 13910:2010 PUBLISHED DOCUMENT National foreword This Publishe

2、d Document is the UK implementation of CEN/TR 13910:2010. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee PKW/0, Packaging. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. This publication does not purport to include all

3、 the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. BSI 2010 ISBN 978 0 580 69899 6 ICS 13.020.60; 55.020 Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations. This Published Document was published under the authority of the Standar

4、ds Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 September 2010. Amendments issued since publication Date Text affectedPD CEN/TR 13910:2010TECHNICAL REPORT RAPPORT TECHNIQUE TECHNISCHER BERICHT CEN/TR 13910 August 2010 ICS 13.020.60; 55.020 Supersedes CR 13910:2000 English Version Packaging - Report on criter

5、ia and methodologies for life cycle analysis of packaging Emballage - Rapport sur les critres et mthodologies pour lanalyse du cycle de vie des emballages Verpackung - Bericht ber die Kriterien und Methodik von kobilanzen fr Verpackungen This Technical Report was approved by CEN on 19 June 2010. It

6、has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 261. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlan

7、ds, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2010 CEN All rights of exploitation in a

8、ny form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. CEN/TR 13910:2010: EPD CEN/TR 13910:2010 CEN/TR 13910:2010 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword 3 Introduction .4 1 Scope 5 2 Normative references 5 3 Terms and definitions .5 4 Criteria and methodology for life cycle assessment

9、of packaging 7 4.1 General 7 4.2 Goal and scope definition .8 4.2.1 General 8 4.2.2 Function, functional unit and reference flow . 10 4.2.3 Allocation . 11 4.2.4 Data Quality . 14 4.2.5 Boundary between packaging and the products 14 4.3 Life cycle inventory analysis . 16 4.4 Life cycle impact assess

10、ment . 16 4.4.1 General . 16 4.4.2 Single impact category indicators 16 4.5 Life cycle interpretation . 17 4.5.1 General . 17 4.5.2 Key data points, setting and assumptions 18 4.5.3 Limitations, uncertainties and significance of results 19 5 Presentation and communication . 20 6 Critical review 20 7

11、 Further requirements and aspects to consider . 20 7.1 General limitations of LCA as a tool/method . 20 7.2 Limitations in the context of specific areas of application of packaging LCAs 20 7.2.1 General . 20 7.2.2 Comparative packaging LCAs . 21 7.2.3 Packaging function and logistics 21 Annex A (inf

12、ormative) Cross-references 22 Bibliography . 23 PD CEN/TR 13910:2010 CEN/TR 13910:2010 (E) 3 Foreword This document (CEN/TR 13910:2010) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 261 “Packaging”, the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the e

13、lements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document supersedes CR 13910:2000. This Technical Report defines and describes how to apply Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to packaging and

14、distribution systems. The expression “Life Cycle Analysis“, applied in the EU Packaging Directive, is in this report considered as identical to the concept of “Life Cycle Assessment“ in the EN ISO 14040 standards. This Technical Report has been prepared by the CEN Working Group, CEN/TC 261/SC 4/WG 1

15、/TG 1, which has been considering the aspects of life cycle assessment specific to packaging, in order to fulfil the “Mandate 200 rev.3 to CEN for Standardisation and a study related to packaging and packaging waste“, requested by the EU Commission. PD CEN/TR 13910:2010 CEN/TR 13910:2010 (E) 4 Intro

16、duction Packaging is an integral part of modern society providing means for protection, presentation, information and distribution of products to industry, trade and consumers. In 1994 the European Parliament and the European Council adopted a Directive on Packaging and Packaging Waste, covering all

17、 types of packaging placed on the market in the European Community and all packaging waste, whether used or released at the industrial, commercial, office, shop, service, household level or at any other level, regardless of the material used. The Directive aims to harmonise national measures concern

18、ing the management of packaging and packaging waste in order to, on the one hand, prevent any impact thereof on the environment of all Member States, as well as of third countries, or to reduce such impact, thus providing a high level of environmental protection, and, on the other hand, to ensure th

19、e functioning of the internal market and to avoid obstacles to trade, and the distortion and restriction of competition within the European Community. The two objectives are on an equal footing. Article 10 of the Directive states that the European Commission shall promote the preparation of European

20、 standards relating to the essential requirements referred to in Annex II of the Directive and, in particular, the preparation of European Standards relating to, among others: criteria and methodologies for life-cycle analysis of packaging. The present Technical Report covers the work of CEN to meet

21、 that requirement. PD CEN/TR 13910:2010 CEN/TR 13910:2010 (E) 5 1 Scope This Technical Report establishes a set of best practice guidelines for undertaking those aspects of life cycle assessment specific to packaging and distribution systems. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents

22、 are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN ISO 14040:2006, Environmental management Life cycle assessment Principles and fr

23、amework (ISO 14040:2006) EN ISO 14044:2006, Environmental management Life cycle assessment Requirements and guidelines (ISO 14044:2006) 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. This section defines the LCA and packaging specific terms used

24、 in this report. The LCA terms are based on definitions given in EN ISO 14040:2006, and the packaging terms are based on definitions in the European Parliament and the Council Directive on Packaging and Packaging Waste (94/62/EC) and terms and definitions referred to in EN 13193 unless stated otherw

25、ise. 3.1 life cycle assessment LCA compilation and evaluation of the inputs, outputs and the potential environmental impacts of a product system throughout its life cycle 3.2 life cycle inventory analysis LCI phase of life cycle assessment involving the compilation and quantification of inputs and o

26、utputs, for a product throughout its life cycle 3.3 life cycle impact assessment LCIA phase of life cycle assessment aimed at understanding and evaluating the magnitude and significance of the potential environmental impacts for a product system throughout the life cycle of the product 3.4 life cycl

27、e interpretation phase of life cycle assessment in which the findings of either the inventory analysis or the impact assessment, or both, are evaluated in relation to the defined goal and scope in order to reach conclusions and recommendations 3.5 packaging all items made of any material of any natu

28、re to be used for the containment, protection, handling, delivery and presentation of goods, from raw materials to processed goods, from the producer to the user or the consumer PD CEN/TR 13910:2010 CEN/TR 13910:2010 (E) 6 NOTE In this report the goods are referred to as “packaged product“ or just “

29、product“, in order to distinguish it from the packaging. 3.6 sales packaging primary packaging packaging conceived so as to constitute a sales unit to the final user or consumer at the point of purchase 3.7 grouped packaging secondary packaging packaging conceived so as to constitute at the point of

30、 purchase a grouping of a certain number of sales units whether the latter is sold as such to the final user or consumer or whether it serves only as a means to replenish the shelves at the point of sale NOTE It can be removed from the product without affecting its characteristics. 3.8 transport pac

31、kaging tertiary packaging packaging conceived so as to facilitate handling and transport of a number of sales units or grouped packaging in order to prevent physical handling and transport damage NOTE Transport packaging does not include road, rail, ship and air containers. 3.9 used packaging packag

32、ing or packaging material remaining after the removal of the product it contained 3.10 distribution system necessary physical arrangements (packing, storage, transport and merchandising) to bring a product from its manufacturing stage, to its final stage of consumption/use 3.11 collection system nec

33、essary physical arrangements (sorting, collecting, transport and storage) to bring used packaging from the point of consumption to the point of reuse, recovery or final disposal 3.12 functional unit of packaging quantified performance of a product system of packaging, for use as a reference unit in

34、an LCA study 3.13 carbon footprint overall amount, expressed in terms of CO 2equivalents, of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and other greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with a product, using LCA methodology NOTE Carbon footprint essentially coincides with the impact category that has generally been r

35、eferred to under the name “global warming potential“ (GWP) in most LCAs to date. Both terms are meant as a measure of the potential contribution to the global phenomenon of climate change, which may also include regional side-effects such as storms and local cooling. 3.14 critical review process int

36、ended to ensure consistency between a life cycle assessment and the principles and requirements of the standards on life cycle assessment PD CEN/TR 13910:2010 CEN/TR 13910:2010 (E) 7 3.15 interested party individual or group concerned with or affected by the environmental performance of a product sy

37、stem, or by the results of the life cycle assessment 3.16 allocation partitioning the input or output flows of a process or a product system between the product system under study and one or more other product systems 4 Criteria and methodology for life cycle assessment of packaging 4.1 General Acco

38、rding to EN ISO 14040, an LCA shall include the following phases: definition of goal and scope, inventory analysis, impact assessment and interpretation of results, as illustrated in Figure 1, below. Figure 1 Phases of an LCA 1 Life cycle assessment framework Goal and scope definition Inventory anal

39、ysis Impact assessment Interpretation Direct applications: Product development and improvement Strategic planning Public policy making Marketing Other PD CEN/TR 13910:2010 CEN/TR 13910:2010 (E) 8 Applications LCA can assist in: identifying opportunities to improve the environmental performance of pr

40、oducts at various points in their life cycle; informing decision-makers in industry, government or non-government organizations (e.g. for the purpose of strategic planning, priority setting, product or process design or redesign); the selection of relevant indicators of environmental performance, in

41、cluding measurement techniques; and marketing (e.g. implementing an ecolabelling scheme, making an environmental claim, or producing an environmental product declaration). It is recommended to address those or other intended applications of a dedicated packaging LCA study in the goal and scope secti

42、on. 4.2 Goal and scope definition 4.2.1 General The goal and scope of an LCA study of packaging shall be clearly defined, documented and consistent with the intended application. As illustrated in Figure 1 above, the goal and scope definition should be used as a reference all through the study, and

43、in the reporting of the results. In defining the goal of such an LCA, the following items shall be unambiguously stated: the intended application, the reasons for carrying out the study, the intended audience and whether the results are intended to be used in comparative assertions intended to be di

44、sclosed to the public. In addition, the following comments on how packaging is actually used have to be taken into account. Packaging is always used to pack products, resulting in a strong link between the packaging and the packaged product. Packaging is used to facilitate handling and transportatio

45、n through the logistic chain, to protect the product, prevent product losses and give relevant information. This means that all packaging items, for example closures, labels, communicative devices (e.g. RFID) and printing inks have to be taken into account. Packaging is one component of a distributi

46、on system. A change of packaging will therefore often cause changes in this system, resulting in changes in resource consumption, emissions and hence in the environmental impact of the total system. Following the cradle-to-grave definition in EN ISO 14040:2006, LCA studies of packaging should theref

47、ore include the distribution system, the wastage of packaging material and products, the relevant collection systems, as well as recovery and/or disposal operations. Primary, secondary and tertiary packaging have a direct influence upon each others function, construction and dimensions. They are all

48、 integral parts of the distribution system and should be included in the LCA. In some cases, the production or use of products may be influenced by a change of packaging, which should also be considered in an LCA study. To assess impact categories for packaging in isolation from the packaged product

49、 and the distribution system should therefore be avoided as the packaging system is designed to fulfil its functions in relation to the contained product and the physical distribution system. Most packaging only follows the packaged product through a certain part of its life cycle, hence an LCA of the packaging system should include all the steps of the life cycle of the packaging. The life cycle of a packaging system is illustrated in Figure 2, below.