专业英语四级-248及答案解析.doc

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1、专业英语四级-248及答案解析 (总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Cloze(总题数：4，分数：100.00)A. disregarding B. considering C. for which D. which E. choices F. ideal G. Moreover H. perfect I. therefore J. competent K. drift L. flexible M. float N. requirements O. risks Most worthwhile careers require some kind of specialized train

2、ing. Ideally, the choice of an occupation should be made even before the choice of a curriculum in high school. Actually, most people make several job choices during their working lives, partly because of economic and industrial changes and partly to improve their position. The one 1 job does not ex

3、ist. Young people should 2 enter a broad 3 training program that will fit them for a field of work rather than for a single job. Unfortunately many young people have to make career plans without the benefit of help from a 4 vocational counselor or psychologist. Knowing little about the occupational

4、world, or themselves for that matter, they choose their lifework on a hit-or-miss basis. Some 5 from job to job. Others stick to work in which they are unhappy and 6 they are not fitted. One common mistake is choosing an occupation for its real or imagined prestige. Too many high-school studentsor t

5、heir parents for themchoose the professional field, 7 both the relatively small proportion of workers in the professions and the extremely high educational and personal 8 . The imagined or real prestige of a profession or a white-collar job is no good reason for choosing it as lifes work. 9 , these

6、occupations are not always well paid. Since a large proportion of jobs are in mechanical and manual work, the majority of young people should give serious consideration to these fields. Before making an occupational choice, a person should have a general idea of what he wants out of life and how har

7、d he is willing to work to get it. Some people desire social prestige, others intellectual satisfaction. Some want security; others are willing to take 10 for financial gain. Each occupational choice has its demands as well as its（分数：25.00）A. social B. complicated C. legitimate D. legislative E. ove

8、rstepped F. committed G. will be H. would be I. obey J. exerted K. complex L. follow M. primitive N. explicit O. implicit In any society, no matter how 11 , some individuals have authority over others, at least within a limited sphere. Obedience is particularly relevant as societies get more 12 wher

9、e the spheres within which authority can be 13 , become much more differentiate& Teachers assign homework, doctors order intravenous feedings, and policemen stop automobiles while pupils, nurses, and motorists generally 14 . Their obedience is based on a(n) 15 recognition that the persons who issue

10、the orders are operating within their 16 domain of authority. If this domain is 17 , obedience is unlikely. Policemen cant order motorists to recite fists of irregular French verbs or to take two aspirins and go to bed. Some tendency to obey authority is a vital cement that holds society together; w

11、ithout it, there 18 chaos. But the atrocities of this centurythe slaughter of the Armenians, the Nazi death campsgive terrible proof that this disposition to obedience can also become a corrosive poison that destroys our sense of humanity. Some of these atrocities could not have been 19 without the

12、obedience of tens or hundreds of thousands and the acquiescence of many more. How could such obedience have come about? Attempt to answer this question has focused on either of the two factors. One concerns the personality structure of the blindly obedient individual; the other emphasizes the 20 sit

13、uation in which the obedient person finds himself.（分数：25.00）A. manufacture B. saw C. travels D. relieving E. extraction F. condensed G. journeys H. handled I. purified J. subjected to K. treated L. as M. when N. refreshing O. assigned The ancient Aztecs venerated the cacao tree and used its beans as

14、 a form of currency. They 21 the tree as a source of strength and wealth and 22 their god Quetzalcoatl its guardian. The Aztecs discovered that by crushing the beans into a paste and adding spices, they could make a 23 and nourishing drink. This drink would have been very bitter, unlike our chocolat

15、e drinks today. 16th century European explorers brought the drink back from their 24 , added sweeter flavorings, and soon it was popular as an expensive luxury. In the 1800s, solid chocolate became popular, with the invention of molding processes. Mechanical grinders crushed cocoa beans to a fine po

16、wder that could be heated and poured into molds, forming shapes 25 it cooled. Dutchman Coenrad Van Houten perfected the 26 of cocoa butter from cocoa beans in 1825. The beans are crushed to a paste, which is 27 very high pressure, forming chocolate liquor and cocoa butter. The extracted butter is sm

17、oothed and 28 to remove any odors. In the 1880s, Rudolphe Lindt of Switzerland started adding extra cocoa butter during chocolate manufacture, to make it smoother and glossier. Cocoa butter melts at around 97, which is human body temperature. Thats why chocolate melts in the mouth. In 1875, Swiss Da

18、niel Peter perfected the 29 of milk chocolate, which is sweeter and smoother than dark chocolate. Nestls recently-invented 10() milk was easy to mix with cocoa paste, unlike liquid milk. Cadburys Dairy Milk, first developed in 1905, is the UKs most popular chocolate bar. Milk chocolate is now the wo

19、rlds best-selling variety.（分数：25.00）A. by B. simply C. alone D. made E. In some cases F. voices G. response H. duration I. lasting J. range K. reproduced L. kind M. sounds N. within O. However The warming of the Earth observed over the last 100 years is due to a combination of many factors. Warming

20、due to the increase in greenhouse gases 31 has been the determining factor so far. 32 , projections of greenhouse warming do not rest on recent observations; they come from scientific understanding of the climate system. A 33 of simple and complex computer models has been used over the last 30 years

21、 to put together knowledge of many climate processes. Contrary to some scientific opinion, current models do a reasonable job of simulating todays climate. The difference between summer and winter temperatures, in 34 to change in heating from the Sun, is correctly simulated to 35 about 0.5 degrees o

22、ver much of the planet. Natural events provide additional tests of our understanding. For example, the scale and 36 of cooling due to the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo were 37 by climate models. When greenhouse gases are increased in climate models, the response is always an increase in average temperatu

23、res and water vapor. Models vary in their results but, in virtually all cases, doubling the amount of carbon dioxide increases global average temperatures 38 between 1.5 and 4. Why are there some dissenting 39 heard on the science of climate change? 40 it appears that critics are simply unaware of t

24、he depth of the science developed so far. Others are concerned because we do not understand everything about the climate system.（分数：25.00）专业英语四级-248答案解析 (总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Cloze(总题数：4，分数：100.00)A. disregarding B. considering C. for which D. which E. choices F. ideal G. Moreover H. perfect I. the

25、refore J. competent K. drift L. flexible M. float N. requirements O. risks Most worthwhile careers require some kind of specialized training. Ideally, the choice of an occupation should be made even before the choice of a curriculum in high school. Actually, most people make several job choices duri

26、ng their working lives, partly because of economic and industrial changes and partly to improve their position. The one 1 job does not exist. Young people should 2 enter a broad 3 training program that will fit them for a field of work rather than for a single job. Unfortunately many young people ha

27、ve to make career plans without the benefit of help from a 4 vocational counselor or psychologist. Knowing little about the occupational world, or themselves for that matter, they choose their lifework on a hit-or-miss basis. Some 5 from job to job. Others stick to work in which they are unhappy and

28、 6 they are not fitted. One common mistake is choosing an occupation for its real or imagined prestige. Too many high-school studentsor their parents for themchoose the professional field, 7 both the relatively small proportion of workers in the professions and the extremely high educational and per

29、sonal 8 . The imagined or real prestige of a profession or a white-collar job is no good reason for choosing it as lifes work. 9 , these occupations are not always well paid. Since a large proportion of jobs are in mechanical and manual work, the majority of young people should give serious consider

30、ation to these fields. Before making an occupational choice, a person should have a general idea of what he wants out of life and how hard he is willing to work to get it. Some people desire social prestige, others intellectual satisfaction. Some want security; others are willing to take 10 for fina

31、ncial gain. Each occupational choice has its demands as well as its（分数：25.00）解析：H解析 词汇题，词义辨析题，篇章题，上下文理解题。perfect意为“完美的，理想的，无瑕的”，指十全十美，没有瑕疵，如：Nobody is perfect. 没有人是十全十美的。此处讲“这样的工作不存在”，而只有十全十美的东西是不存在的，因此选perfect。选项ideal意为“理想的，完美的”，指想象中的最终目标，所指范围比perfect宽泛，如：I am looking for a house in the country but

32、 havent found the ideal one yet. 我正在乡间找房子，但还没有找到理想的。根据实际情况，理想的东西虽难以获得，但并非不存在，因此，此选项不是最佳答案。解析：I 解析 篇章题，上下文理解题。前面已讲到实际情况是我们一生中有好几次得面临选择职业的问题，而真正完美的职业又不存在；接下来作者建议年轻人参加怎样的培训，因此，两者之间应为因果关系，表示“所以应该这样做”。选项therefore意为“因此，所以”，如：He was ill, and therefore could not come. 他病了，所以未能来。可见，therefore正合题意，为正确答案。 注：mor

33、eover意为“而且，此外，再者”，用于补充已做出的陈述，如：The proposal was not well thought out; moreover, it would have been too expensive. 这个建议本身考虑不周，而且实施起来花费也太大。解析：L解析 词汇题，词义辨析题，篇章题，上下文理解题。此处讲这个培训旨在使人们能够适应一个领域的工作，而不仅仅是单一的某项工作，因此，培训理所当然应灵活一些。flexible意为“灵活的”，如：Well make a flexible schedule in case something unexpected happen

34、s.我们要制订一个灵活的计划以防意外的情况出现。由此可见，flexible符合题意，为正确答案。选项perfect意为“完美，无暇”。从上文的分析我们知道这个培训只是针对某一领域的工作，具有相对性，perfect表示的绝对性与此处的客观实际情况相悖。解析：J解析 词汇题，词义辨析题，篇章题，上下文理解题。competent，意为“称职的，有能力的”，指具有胜任某一工作的条件，强调对某项工作有足够的技能及其他所需条件，如：If you want to learn English, you must first find a competent teacher. 你如要学习英文，须先找一位称职的教

35、师。文章根据实际存在的问题提出解决办法，体现出作者客观的写作态度。因此，本句主要应强调职业顾问是否合格称职，“competent”正能表达这样的含义，因此为最佳答案。选项ideal意为“理想的”，多涉及人的主观看法，此处不合题意。解析：K解析 词汇题，词义辨析题。drift意为“自然缓慢地转变”，如：The conversation drifted from one topic to another. 谈话漫无边际地从一个题目转到另一个题目。本句表示由于选工作的时候出了问题，导致一些人频繁地变换工作，在不同的工作间漂浮不定。选项drift不仅含义相符，所跟的介词也与原文相符，因此为正确答案。选

36、项float意为“漂浮；动摇”，介词用between，如：He is floating between these two choices for both of them seem to be good. 他在这两个选择之间摇摆不定，因为两个看上去都不错。解析：C解析 篇章题，篇章结构题。此句讲一些人做着自己既不喜欢又不适合的工作。unhappy和not fitted所在的定语从句由表示并列的and连接，都修饰work。fit表示“适合”时，介词用for，因此，选项for which为正确答案。解析：A解析 篇章题，上下文理解题。本段第一句就指出人们选择职业时常犯的错误。本句继续就此话题更详

37、细地说明错误在哪儿。空格后面为选择职业时应加以考虑的问题，那么从他们犯错的含义可推出实际上他们没有考虑这些情况就做出决定。选项disregarding意为“忽视，忽略”，如：The company turned a blind eye on such issues, disregarding basic respect towards workers. 公司对这些问题视而不见，完全没有对工人的基本尊重。由此可见，disregarding正合题意，是正确答案。解析：N解析 篇章题，上下文理解题。requirements意为“要求，需求，必要条件”，如：He didnt meet the univ

38、ersitys admission requirements. 他没有达到大学的入学要求。本句说这些工作的特点对受教育程度和人的要求很高。因此，requirements为正确答案。解析：G 解析 篇章题，上下文理解题。前句讲了这些工作的好处不应成为选择职业时的理由，此句再对这些工作的情况进行补充说明，两句之间为递进关系。moreover意为“此外，再者”，用于引出对已做出的陈述的补充，表示递进，如：I dont like skating; moreover, the ice is too thin. 我不喜欢滑冰，而且冰面太薄。因此，选项Moreover为正确答案。therefore表示因果关

39、系，不合题意。 注：区分furthermore。furthermore表示递进，意为“而且，此外”，指进一步，更深一层，如：He lost his way; furthermore, his car broke down. 他迷了路，而且汽车也坏了。解析：O解析 篇章题，上下文理解题。两个路标词some与others引出两个分句，两分句关系应十分紧密，其意应为“有些人怎样，另一些人又怎样”，表示不同人的不同情况。some引出的是希望获取什么，others也应该引出相似的内容。空格要求填写通过什么样的行为方式获得经济收益。risk的常用表达为“run/take the risk of doing

40、 sth.”(冒险做某事)。take risks(冒险)能表达句中所需含义，表示“甘冒风险获得”，因此，risks为正确答案。选项choices应与make搭配，表示“选择，选定”，不能表示做某事的具体方式，因此不合题意。A. social B. complicated C. legitimate D. legislative E. overstepped F. committed G. will be H. would be I. obey J. exerted K. complex L. follow M. primitive N. explicit O. implicit In any

41、society, no matter how 11 , some individuals have authority over others, at least within a limited sphere. Obedience is particularly relevant as societies get more 12 where the spheres within which authority can be 13 , become much more differentiate& Teachers assign homework, doctors order intraven

42、ous feedings, and policemen stop automobiles while pupils, nurses, and motorists generally 14 . Their obedience is based on a(n) 15 recognition that the persons who issue the orders are operating within their 16 domain of authority. If this domain is 17 , obedience is unlikely. Policemen cant order

43、motorists to recite fists of irregular French verbs or to take two aspirins and go to bed. Some tendency to obey authority is a vital cement that holds society together; without it, there 18 chaos. But the atrocities of this centurythe slaughter of the Armenians, the Nazi death campsgive terrible pr

44、oof that this disposition to obedience can also become a corrosive poison that destroys our sense of humanity. Some of these atrocities could not have been 19 without the obedience of tens or hundreds of thousands and the acquiescence of many more. How could such obedience have come about? Attempt t

45、o answer this question has focused on either of the two factors. One concerns the personality structure of the blindly obedient individual; the other emphasizes the 20 situation in which the obedient person finds himself.（分数：25.00）解析：M解析 词汇题，词义辨析题。primitive意为“原始的；早期的”，如：This book deals with the prim

46、itive culture in this region. 这本书讲述了这一地区的原始文化。此处选primitive,指“原始的或早期的社会”，符合题意。解析：K解析 篇章题，上下文理解题。本句最后说权威的范围become much more differentiated(变得更加分化)，因此，社会情况也应与之相应。complex意为“复杂的；综合的”，指由许多不同的有关联的部分组织起来的整体，其复杂程度需要仔细的研究和足够的知识才能有所理解，如：The composer transformed a simple folk tune into a complex set of variatio

47、ns. 这位作曲家把一首简单的民歌小调改编成一首复杂的变奏曲。选项complicated意为“复杂的；混乱的；麻烦的”，一般用来修饰事件、构造、机械等，主要强调各部分之间的细微关系，指事物因很多互相纠合、不易辨认的关系而变得复杂，难以理解、解决或处理，如：a complicated piece of machinery一件复杂的机械。从以上分析可看出，此处指社会的各构成部分愈加复杂，因此，complex为正确答案。解析：J解析 词汇题，词义辨析题。exert意为“行使(职权)；发挥(威力等)”，如：exert authority行使权威。本文空格词汇正是与authority搭配运用，正合题意，

48、为正确答案。解析：I解析 篇章题，上下文理解题。本句从不同方面对一个问题命令与服从的关系进行了说明，所涉及的人物一方面为教师等，另一方面为学生等；教师这方的人物order(命令)，那么与之相对的人物的行为一定为obey(服从)。而且接下来的一句中随即就出现了obedience，更是明确了两者之间的这种关系。obey可作不及物动词，文章此处为不及物动词用法，因此，无论从句意上还是用法上来说，都符合题意，为正确答案。选项follow也可表“服从”，但为及物动词，后面必须跟宾语，如：follow the rules遵守规则。因此，不能选follow。解析：O解析 篇章题，上下文理解题。implici

49、t意为“隐含的，不言明的”，如：implicit contract默认契约。根据上下文，两方面人物之间这种命令与服从的关系是被大家公认的，是无需再说明的，因此，implicit为正确选项。选项explicit意为“明示的，显而易见的”，如：Havent you noticed that explicit sign of trouble?你还没注意到那个显而易见的麻烦的征兆?explicit recognition意为“明确表达的承认”，不合题意。解析：C解析 词汇题，词义辨析题。legitimate既可表示“法定的，合法的”，也可表示“合理的，正当的”，即被风俗、惯例、权威或合乎逻辑的事物所认可的，如：You are not allowed to leave here if you cant give me a legitimate excuse. 如果你不能给我一个合理的理由，就不能离开这里